Annotation of capa/capa51/Manual/s-general.tex, revision 1.1
1.1 ! albertel 1: % \capa\ grammar and functions
! 2: \hrule
! 3: % \vskip 0.2in
! 4: \section{Specification of \capa{} Problem Sets}
! 5: % {{\noindent \bf \it \LARGE Section 5: Specification of \capa\ Problem Sets}}
! 6: % \vskip 0.2in
! 7: \noindent This Section describes the \capa\ grammar and syntax. Examples show
! 8: how to code problems and create problem sets.
! 9: \vskip 0.2in
! 10: \hrule
! 11:
! 12: %\begin{enumerate}
! 13: %\item
! 14: \subsection{\bf General Description.}
! 15: The source code for the problems to be solved by students are
! 16: contained
! 17: in files labeled {\bf set{\em x}.qz} where {\bf {\em x}} is the problem set
! 18: number. These files contain all the information
! 19: needed for each problem as well as the information for the printed hard copy,
! 20: the computer-screen presentations, and the web
! 21: display of the problem set.
! 22: In the simplest case, one might imagine that the file contains just the text to
! 23: specify the problems for the students.
! 24: However, each paper is individualized and must contain variable information such
! 25: as the student's name, the due-date of the set, etc.
! 26:
! 27: \capa\ uses the {\tt /DIS()} command to display functions, variables, or
! 28: anything that has been evaluated and must be
! 29: inserted in the text when the output is generated. \capa\ uses other special
! 30: commands at the beginning of a line. For
! 31: example: {\tt /LET} defines a variable. {\tt /IMP} imports a file into the
! 32: {\tt .qz} file. {\tt /HIN} defines a hint which is
! 33: available for viewing by the student after the student has entered an incorrect
! 34: answer. {\tt /ANS()} defines the answer to
! 35: the problem. Note the UPPER CASE used for the commands. The {\tt //} is used
! 36: for lines that are comments and will not be evaluated
! 37: or inserted into the text or displayed to the students. The grammar for
! 38: writing problem sets with some examples is given in the following section.
! 39: %
! 40: %\item
! 41: \subsection{\bf \LaTeX\ and ASCII in \capa\ problems.}
! 42: %
! 43: A complete but plain problem set can be written using only ASCII
! 44: characters. In this case the printed version and
! 45: the version displayed on the {\tt VT100} terminal will be \underline{exactly}
! 46: the same. However, we have found that high
! 47: quality printed problem sets can be readily produced by the \capa\ system with
! 48: \LaTeX . Thus, an important and sometimes
! 49: confusing aspect of the set{\em x}.qz files is the \LaTeX\ commands to control
! 50: the presentation of the problem.
! 51: Greek characters, postscript figures, subscripts and superscripts must be
! 52: imbedded in the problem set text
! 53: but cannot be displayed on the {\tt VT100} terminal window during interactive
! 54: logins. Using the {\bf tex()} function it is
! 55: possible to specify a \LaTeX\
! 56: version and an ASCII version of a particular string of characters. For example,
! 57: {\bf $\Delta$H} could appear on paper whereas
! 58: only {\tt delta-H} can be shown on the screen (using ASCII characters). The
! 59: general form of the function to be evaluated
! 60: is {\small tex("TeX","ASCii")}. For example:
! 61: \begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}/DIS(tex("$\Delta$H","delta-H"))\end{verbatim}
! 62: \endgroup
! 63: would be used in the set{\em x}.qz file to display $\Delta$H on the printed
! 64: paper. The first argument is put into the \TeX\
! 65: version and the second into the ASCII version. Note that the {\tt /DIS()}
! 66: command, mentioned above is used to evaluate an
! 67: expression amid text.
! 68: %
! 69: %\item
! 70: \subsection{\bf html in \capa\ problems.}
! 71: %
! 72: \noindent There are two functions available for specifically entering html code
! 73: into your problem sets to improve the Web display of the problem set over that of ASCII text. If you do not specify
! 74: html code, then the ASCII code will be displayed on the web document. The first
! 75: html specific function is the {\tt web()}
! 76: function which has similar usage to the {\tt tex()}function. The {\tt web()}
! 77: function has three fields for entry. They are:\\
! 78: {\tt web("ASCII","\TeX\ ","html")}. The second function, {\tt html()}, can
! 79: include anchors, links, or text
! 80: to be displayed only on the web document. An example of the use of
! 81: this function is:\\
! 82: /DIS({\tt html("<br><img src=/teacher/nsc111f7/pictures/Ball.gif>")})
! 83: %
! 84: \subsection{{\tt capa.config} File}
! 85: A file called \index{capa.config}{\tt capa.config} located in the class directory contains
! 86: general configuration informations of the \capa\ system.
! 87: It is divided into sections
! 88: containing configurable parameters that
! 89: instructors can customize the \capa\ system.
! 90: The first section contains informations related to
! 91: the organization of a class, such as \index{exam\_path}exam\_path,
! 92: \index{quiz\_path}quiz\_path, \index{supp\_path}supp\_path,
! 93: and \index{others\_path}others\_path.
! 94:
! 95: \begin{capacode}
! 96: exam_path = /usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/xph183f7
! 97: quiz_path = /usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/qph183f7
! 98: supp_path = /usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/rph183f7
! 99: others_path = /usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/fci183f7
! 100: \end{capacode}
! 101:
! 102: These four class path parameters are the full path information
! 103: that lead to the classes where the exam scores,
! 104: quizz scores, supplementary exercises scores, and others scores are located.
! 105: Together with the homework class where this capa.config file is located,
! 106: the score statistics can then be combined from all these
! 107: different directories and form a single result.
! 108:
! 109: The second section specifies the full path to commands
! 110: that are used by the \capa\ system,
! 111: such as `latex', `dvips', `mail', `allcapaid', and `qzparse'.
! 112:
! 113: \begin{capacode}
! 114: latex_command = "latex"
! 115: dvips_command = "dvips"
! 116: mail_command = "/usr/bin/mailx"
! 117: allcapaid_command = "/usr/users/capadvt/CAPA_SRC/5.0/Teachertools/allcapaid"
! 118: qzparse_command = "/nfs/capa1/capadvt/CAPA_SRC/5.0/pProj/Linux/qzparse"
! 119: \end{capacode}
! 120:
! 121: The next section has the options and identifies the printers to use when
! 122: the system prints a postscript file.
! 123: Each line of \index{printer\_option} printer\_option specifies a printer name
! 124: selected for \texttt{capautilscapautils} to print problem set(s) for
! 125: a student.
! 126:
! 127: The command used to print when a user selects one sided or
! 128: two sided printing is given by the two command options:
! 129: \index{lprOneSided\_command}lprOneSided\_command, and
! 130: \index{lprTwoSided\_command}lprTwoSided\_command.
! 131:
! 132: \begin{capacode}
! 133: printer_option = "cyccap_capa1"
! 134: printer_option = "cyccap_capa2"
! 135: printer_option = "west_post"
! 136: printer_option = "west_post2"
! 137:
! 138: lprOneSided_command = "/usr/bin/lpr -P$Printer_selected"
! 139: lprTwoSided_command = "/usr/bin/lpspr -K2 $PS_file | /usr/bin/lpr -P$Printer_selected"
! 140: \end{capacode}
! 141:
! 142: The fourth section specifies options for capalogin,
! 143: such as the time the goodbye message stayed on the screen
! 144: after student exits capalogin, which is
! 145: given in seconds in parameter \index{capalogin\_goodbye\_delay}
! 146: capalogin\_goodbye\_delay.
! 147: The time interval when capalogin consider the student is
! 148: in-active from the \index{capalogin\_inactivity\_delay}capalogin\_inactivity\_delay.
! 149:
! 150: \index{capalogin\_show\_summary\_score}capalogin\_show\_summary\_score.
! 151: \begin{capacode}
! 152: capalogin_goodbye_delay = 6
! 153: # specify the capalogin inactivity delay time in minutes
! 154: # default value is 60 minutes, 0 means never time out
! 155: capalogin_inactivity_delay = 35
! 156: # if set to none, don't show the summary score, any other value
! 157: # or not defined show the score
! 158: capalogin_show_summary_score = none
! 159: \end{capacode}
! 160:
! 161: Another section is related to an option in X-windows Quizzer.
! 162: By pressing the ``Std. Header'' button the following is written
! 163: in the set$x$.qz file.
! 164:
! 165: \begin{capacode}
! 166: BeginStandardQuizzerHeader
! 167: //CAPA system software is copyrighted by Michigan State University.
! 168: //By using these materials, the User agrees to:
! 169: //1) Protect the source code files from unauthorized copying.
! 170: //2) Limit access of the source material to teaching staff.
! 171: //3) The User is free to mix, cut and paste, modify, adapt, delete,
! 172: // improve, etc. the problems and graphics for his/her own use.
! 173: //
! 174: /IMP "/demolibrary/Tools/StdMacros"
! 175: /IMP "/demolibrary/Tools/StdUnits"
! 176: /IMP "/demolibrary/Tools/StdConst"
! 177: /IMP "HWTop"
! 178: EndStandardQuizzerHeader
! 179: \end{capacode}
! 180:
! 181: Everything that appears between the keywords
! 182: BeginStandardQuizzerHeader
! 183: EnStandardQuizzerHeader
! 184: is entered into the current .qz file when this button is pressed.
! 185:
! 186: \subsection{{\tt capautils.config} File}
! 187:
! 188: This first section contains informati0ns used by capautils. The file is self-explanatory bu the comments below can also help.
! 189:
! 190: \index{homework\_scores\_limit\_set} homework\_scores\_limit\_set,
! 191: \index{exam\_scores\_limit\_set}exam\_scores\_limit\_set,
! 192: \index{quiz\_scores\_limit\_set}quiz\_scores\_limit\_set,
! 193: \index{supp\_scores\_limit\_set}supp\_scores\_limit\_set, and
! 194: \index{others\_scores\_limit\_set}others\_scores\_limit\_set.
! 195: These parameters specify the maximal number of problem sets
! 196: that are used to calculated the scores from homework, exam, quizz, supplemental and
! 197: others directories.
! 198:
! 199: The file name to store all scores of students in the classl file
! 200: and is used to send out email is specified in parameter
! 201: \index{master\_scores\_file}master\_scores\_file.
! 202: The parameter \index{email\_template\_file}email\_template\_file
! 203: specifies the template file for email.
! 204:
! 205: \begin{capacode}
! 206: homework_scores_limit_set = 12
! 207: exam_scores_limit_set = 7
! 208: quiz_scores_limit_set = 16
! 209: supp_scores_limit_set = 14
! 210: others_scores_limit_set = 0
! 211: master_scores_file = "/usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/phy183f7/scores/scores.all"
! 212: # The template file for e-mail
! 213: email_template_file = "/usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/phy183f7/scores/email.template"
! 214: \end{capacode}
! 215:
! 216: The second section contains definitions used by capautils.
! 217: It first declare a series of variable names to be used
! 218: to store the scores and maximum scores for homework, quizz, and
! 219: exam.
! 220:
! 221:
! 222: \begin{capacode}
! 223: # pre-defined variable names that can be used in email.template
! 224: #
! 225: # Declare a variable name with ':='
! 226: # when assigning a value to a variable, use '='
! 227: # This variable is used to store the total scores
! 228: # calculated from all setX.db's in the regular class
! 229: # It is later refered in the file 'email.template' as $HWtotal_scp
! 230: var_homework_total_score := HWtotal_scp
! 231: # This variable is used to represent the total possible scores
! 232: # that a student could receive from all setX.db's in the regular class
! 233: # It is later refered in the file 'email.template' as $HWtotal_max_scp
! 234: var_homework_total_max := HWtotal_max_scp
! 235: # This variable is used to represent the total scores
! 236: # calculated from all setX.db's in the class specified
! 237: # by 'quiz_path' parameter in this file
! 238: # It is later refered in the file 'email.template' as $QZtotal_scp
! 239: var_quiz_total_score := QZtotal_scp
! 240: # This variable is used to represent the total scores
! 241: # calculated from all setX.db's in the class specified
! 242: # by 'quiz_path' parameter in this file
! 243: # It is later refered in the file 'email.template' as $QZtotal_max_scp
! 244: var_quiz_total_max := QZtotal_max_scp
! 245: # This variable is used to represent the total number of
! 246: # setX.db's in the class specified by 'quiz_path' parameter in this file
! 247: # It is later refered in the file 'email.template' as $QZcount_scp
! 248: var_quiz_count := QZcount_scp
! 249: # This variable is used to represent the total number of '-'
! 250: # a student got in the term summary report. It represents that
! 251: # the number of times the student is abscent from all the setX.db's
! 252: # in the class specified by 'quiz_path' parameter in this file
! 253: # It is not yet used in the file 'email.template,' but
! 254: # can be refered as $QZabsent_scp
! 255: var_quiz_absent := QZabsent_scp
! 256: # This variable will return a one line string in the form
! 257: # xxx/xxx xxx/xxx xxx/xxx xxx/xxx xxx/xxx xxx/xxx
! 258: # It gives the statistics for each set in the class specified by
! 259: # 'quiz_path' parameter in this file
! 260: # It is later refered in the file 'email.template' as $QZsummary
! 261: var_quiz_summary_string := QZsummary
! 262: \end{capacode}
! 263:
! 264:
! 265:
! 266:
! 267: \begin{capacode}
! 268: #
! 269: # Declares a class of variables with the same prefix
! 270: # This declaration allows the access of individual set scores
! 271: # in the class specified by 'exam_path' parameter in this file
! 272: #
! 273: prefix_exam_raw_scores := exam_raw
! 274: # Thus, exam_raw1, exam_raw2, exam_raw3, exam_raw4 ...
! 275: # represent the individual set score
! 276: # These variables are used in the later definition of midterm1, midterm2, ...
! 277: #
! 278: prefix_exam_raw_max := exam_raw_max
! 279: # similar to the above, now the maximum scores for exam 1 is stored
! 280: # in variable exam_raw_max1
! 281: # These variables are used in the later definition of midterm1, midterm2, ...
! 282:
! 283: # This parameter is used in calculation of corrected credits by
! 284: # successive corrections of their midterm exams
! 285: correction_factor = 0.3
! 286: # Correction formula for midterm exams
! 287: # here midterm1, midterm2, midterm3, and final_exam
! 288: # are new variables whose definition depends on
! 289: # the raw scores of each set in the class specified by 'exam_path'
! 290: \end{capacode}
! 291:
! 292: The eighth section defines how the values of variable
! 293: midterm1, midterm2, midterm3 are calculated from
! 294: exam\_raw1, exam\_raw2 and exam\_raw3 and correction\_factor.
! 295: These are all in perl code format. The first definition describes how the
! 296: value of midterm1 is calculated from exam\_raw1, exam\_raw2, and
! 297: correction\_factor.
! 298: The next definition is for midterm2 and the third definition is for midterm3.
! 299:
! 300:
! 301: \begin{capacode}
! 302: ### The reason that we define midterm1, midterm2, midterm3 and final_exam here
! 303: ### is that score report file need these definitions.
! 304: midterm1 ::
! 305:
! 306: BEGIN_perl
! 307:
! 308: local($tmp);
! 309: if($exam_raw2 >= $exam_raw1) {
! 310: $tmp = $exam_raw1 + $correction_factor*($exam_raw2-$exam_raw1);
! 311: } else {
! 312: $tmp = $exam_raw1;
! 313: }
! 314: return ($tmp);
! 315:
! 316: END_perl
! 317:
! 318:
! 319: midterm2 ::
! 320:
! 321: BEGIN_perl
! 322:
! 323: local($tmp);
! 324: if($exam_raw4 >= $exam_raw3) {
! 325: $tmp = $exam_raw3 + $correction_factor*($exam_raw4-$exam_raw3);
! 326: } else {
! 327: $tmp = $exam_raw3;
! 328: }
! 329: return ($tmp);
! 330:
! 331: END_perl
! 332:
! 333:
! 334: midterm3 ::
! 335: BEGIN_perl
! 336:
! 337: local($tmp);
! 338: if($exam_raw6 >= $exam_raw5) {
! 339: $tmp = $exam_raw5 + $correction_factor*($exam_raw6-$exam_raw5);
! 340: } else {
! 341: $tmp = $exam_raw5;
! 342: }
! 343: return ($tmp);
! 344:
! 345: END_perl
! 346:
! 347: \end{capacode}
! 348:
! 349:
! 350: The last section is related to \index{units}units specifications.
! 351: This section is further divided into three subsections. The first is
! 352: the definition of base units.
! 353: It begins with the special marker ``\verb"<< Base Unit >>".''
! 354: Each line contains a definition of a base units, it begins with
! 355: a full name, a symbol represents that base units, and a comment begins with a `\verb"#"'
! 356: character. These three fields are separacted by white spaces and
! 357: all three fields are required.
! 358: The number of characters in a full name description
! 359: should not exceed 47 characters and there should not contain any
! 360: space or tab characters in the full name description.
! 361: The number of characters denoting a symbol is limited to 15 characters.
! 362: There could be at most 32 base units defined in this subsection.
! 363:
! 364: \begin{capacode}
! 365: << Base Unit >>
! 366: meter m # length
! 367: kilogram kg # mass
! 368: second s # time
! 369: ampere A # electric current
! 370: kelvin K # thermodynamic temperature
! 371: mole mol # amount of substance
! 372: candela cd # luminous intensity
! 373: \end{capacode}
! 374: The next subsection of units is the definition of prefix symbols.
! 375: It is consists of three fields on each line, separated by
! 376: white spaces or tab characters.
! 377: The length of the full name is not limited to any number of characters,
! 378: however, it cannot contain any while space or tab character.
! 379: The symbol character contains only one character.
! 380: The actual power the character represents is
! 381: shown in the third field.
! 382: There could be as many as 52 definitions of the prefix symbol,
! 383: one for each alphabet from a to z and A to Z.
! 384: \begin{capacode}
! 385: << Prefix >>
! 386: yotta Y 10^{24}
! 387: zetta Z 10^{21}
! 388: exa E 10^{18}
! 389: peta P 10^{15}
! 390: tera T 10^{12}
! 391: giga G 10^9
! 392: mega M 10^6
! 393: kilo k 10^3
! 394: hecto h 10^2
! 395: deci d 10^-1
! 396: centi c 10^-2
! 397: milli m 10^-3
! 398: micro u 10^-6
! 399: nano n 10^-9
! 400: pico p 10^{-12}
! 401: femto f 10^{-15}
! 402: atto a 10^{-18}
! 403: zepto z 10^{-21}
! 404: yocto y 10^{-24}
! 405: \end{capacode}
! 406: The third subsection of units is the definition of derived units.
! 407: It is consists of four fields on each line, all four fields are
! 408: required.
! 409: The first field is a one-word name for the units defined
! 410: in that row, the number of characters is at maximal 47.
! 411: The second field is the symbol denoting the units, 15 characters is the maximum.
! 412: The first and the second fields are separated by spaces,
! 413: no space is allowed within the name field and the symbol field.
! 414: The third field is the way the units is calculated from base units or other
! 415: previously defined derived units.
! 416: Operations that could be used in this field are
! 417: ``*'' (multiplication),`` '' (multiplication), ``/'' (division), and
! 418: ``\verb"^"'' (integeral power).
! 419: Number can be entered in floating point format (0.001) or
! 420: exponential form (1.77185E-3).
! 421: Operations ``\verb"+"'' (plus) and ``\verb"-"'' (minus) are not allowed.
! 422: The fourth field begins with a `\verb"#"' mark is the comment for this units.
! 423:
! 424: \begin{capacode}
! 425: <<Derived Unit>>
! 426: gram g 0.001 kg # mass
! 427: hour hr 3600. s # time
! 428: pound lb 0.45359237 kg # mass
! 429: ounce oz 1.77185E-3 kg # mass
! 430: inch in 2.54 cm # length
! 431: foot ft 12 in # length
! 432: mile mi 5280 ft # length
! 433: yard yd 0.9144 m # length
! 434: nautical_mile n_mi 6080 ft # length, nautical mile (UK)
! 435: rood rood 1210 yd^2 # area, rood
! 436: acre acre 4840 yd^2 # area, acre
! 437: hertz Hz 1/s # frequency
! 438: litre L 10^3/cm^3 # volume
! 439: newton N m*kg/s^2 # force
! 440: pound_force lbf 4.44822 N # force
! 441: dyne dyn 1E-5 N # force
! 442: pascal Pa N/m^2 # pressure, stress
! 443: bar bar 1E5 Pa # pressure
! 444: mmHg mmHg 1.33322E2 Pa # pressure, millimeter of mercury
! 445: torr torr 1 mmHg # pressure
! 446: atm atm 760 torr # standard atmosphere
! 447: joule J N*m # energy, work, heat
! 448: electronvolt eV 1.6021892E-19 J # energy
! 449: calorie cal 4.1868 J # energy
! 450: Btu Btu 1.05506E3 J # energy
! 451: watt W J/s # power, radiant flux
! 452: coulomb C A*s # electric charge
! 453: volt V J/C # electric potential, electromotive force
! 454: ohm Ohm V/A # electric resistance
! 455: siemens S 1/Ohm # electric conductance
! 456: farad F C/V # electric capacitance
! 457: tesla T V s/m^2 # magnetic flux density
! 458: weber Wb V*s # magnetic flux
! 459: henry H V*s/A # inductance
! 460: radian rad m /m # plane angle
! 461: degree deg 1.745329E-2 rad # plane angle (Pi rad=180 deg)
! 462: steradian sr m^2 /m^2 # solid angle
! 463: lumen lm cd*sr # luminous flux
! 464: lux lx cd*sr/m^2 # illuminance
! 465: becquerel Bq 1/s # activity (radioactive)
! 466: gray Gy J/kg # absorbed dose (of radiation)
! 467: sievert Sv J/kg # dose equivalent (dose equivalent index)
! 468: astroUnit AU 1.49598E11 m # mean distance earth to sun
! 469: \end{capacode}
! 470:
! 471: The rule for matching a units is
! 472: that the process begins with derived and base units first.
! 473: Such as `T' will be matched against ``tesla'' instead of been considered as
! 474: prefix `T'. Another example is that
! 475: ``min'' will be matching ``minutes'' instead of treated
! 476: as combination of prefix `m' and
! 477: units `in'.
! 478:
! 479:
! 480:
! 481:
! 482: %\item
! 483: \subsection{\bf Grammar Specifications}
! 484: \begin{itemize}
! 485: \item The end-of-line character (produced by the {\em Return} key) plays a
! 486: critical role in the {\tt set$x$.qz} files. It is
! 487: used to signify the end of text and mathematical expressions. Since single
! 488: end-of-line characters are ignored by \LaTeX,
! 489: careful usage of the {\em Return} key can be used to format the ASCII output.
! 490: Because the {\tt quizzer} display automatically
! 491: line-wraps the text input, it is important to check
! 492: the ASCII display before distributing a problem set. The best method is to log
! 493: in just as a student would.
! 494: %
! 495: \item It is convenient to begin the question file, set{\em x}.qz with
! 496: commands such as {\tt /IMP "HWTop"}
! 497: and {\tt /IMP "../Tools/StdMacros"}. These commands `import' a header to
! 498: display the student's name, the course name,
! 499: as well as macros for often used commands and instructions. The questions
! 500: with their coded answers (and appropriate hints,
! 501: comments and explanations if desired) follow. {\tt /END} command and a
! 502: carriage return signify the end of the entire set. It is
! 503: recommended that each type of problem for a specific field of study be
! 504: classified and kept in individual ASCII files. This way
! 505: an entire problem set can be generated by using commands similar to {\tt /IMP
! 506: "../ProblemLibrary/type04/prob3"}.
! 507: %
! 508: \item Note that there are also two auxiliary files with commands for formatting
! 509: the \LaTeX\ 2.09 document called {\tt TeXheader}
! 510: and {\tt Texfooter}. These are automatically included by {\tt quizzer} at the
! 511: top and bottom of the {\tt
! 512: quiztemp.tex} file
! 513: before the {\tt quiztemp.dvi} file is created.
! 514: %
! 515: The {\tt TeXheader} file used at MSU creates a high density two-column format
! 516: for the problem sets. This file is contained in
! 517: the {\tt nsc111f7} directory and is shown below:\\
! 518: %
! 519: %\begingroup\small
! 520: \begin{capacode}
! 521: \documentstyle[twocolumn,epsf]{article}
! 522: \textheight 25.9cm
! 523: \oddsidemargin = -0.42in
! 524: \evensidemargin = -0.42in
! 525: \textwidth= 7.28in
! 526: \begin{document}
! 527: \voffset=-4.1cm
! 528: \setcounter{page}{1}
! 529: \newcommand{\\capa\}{{\sl C\kern-.10em\raise-.00ex\hbox{\rm A}\kern-.22em%
! 530: {\sl P}\kern-.14em\kern-.01em{\rm A}}}
! 531: \newenvironment{choicelist}{\begin{list}{}{\setlength{\rightmargin}{0in}
! 532: \setlength{\leftmargin}{0.13in}\setlength{\topsep}{0.05in}\setlength{\item
! 533: sep}{0.022in}\setlength{\parsep}{0in}\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{0.04in}
! 534: \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{0.05in}\setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}
! 535: {-0.04in}\setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{0.04in}}}{\end{list}}
! 536: \end{capacode}
! 537: %\endgroup
! 538: %
! 539: \item The \index{HWTop}{\tt HWTop} file should be at the top of each problem set. It
! 540: includes the student name, section number, class title,
! 541: assignment number, due date, and student's CAPA ID for the assignment.
! 542: %
! 543: \item The actual {\tt HWTop} file information used in {\tt nsc111f7} is shown
! 544: below, together with a magnified example
! 545: of the resulting output. Note: In the actual set, the carriage returns are
! 546: omitted from the header information.
! 547: \newpage
! 548: % \vskip 0.1in
! 549: % \hrule
! 550: % \scriptsize
! 551: % \begin{verbatim}
! 552: % /DIS(tex("\noindent{\large\bf ",""))/DIS(tex(name(),""))/DIS(tex("\hfill Section
! 553: % {\Large ",""))
! 554: % /DIS(tex(section(),""))/DIS(tex("}}\\","")) /DIS(tex("\vskip -.1in",""))
! 555: % /DIS(tex("\noindent {\large \it Natural Science 111-- \hfill Set
! 556: % ",""))/DIS(tex(set(),""))
! 557: % /DIS(tex("}\\ \vskip -.16in","")) /DIS(tex("\noindent{\bf
! 558: % ",""))/DIS(tex(class(),""))
! 559: % /DIS(tex("} -- MSU -- 1995. Due ",""))/DIS(tex(due_date(),"")) /DIS(tex("CAPA
! 560: % ID is",""))
! 561: % /DIS(tex("{\footnotesize ",""))/DIS(tex(capa_id(),""))/DIS(tex("}",""))
! 562: % /DIS(tex("\vskip .1in \pagestyle{empty} ",""))
! 563: % //
! 564: % /LET stdendline=tex("\vskip .05in \hrule width3.55in height0.6pt \hfill \vskip
! 565: % -.07in \noindent
! 566: % {\tiny Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University \dotfill
! 567: % {CAPA\copyright msu}}","")
! 568: % \end{verbatim}
! 569: \footnotesize{
! 570: \begin{capacode}
! 571: /LET nameforTeX = name()
! 572: /LET due_dateforTeX = due_date()
! 573: /LET PINforTeX = capa_id()
! 574: /LET sectionforTeX = section()
! 575: /LET setforTeX=set()
! 576: /LET classforTeX=class()
! 577: //
! 578: /DIS(tex("\noindent{\large\bf ",""))/DIS(var_in_tex(nameforTeX))
! 579: /DIS(tex("\hfill Section {\Large ",""))/DIS(var_in_tex(sectionforTeX))
! 580: /DIS(tex("}}\\","")) /DIS(tex("\vskip -.1in",""))
! 581: /DIS(tex("\noindent {\large \it Sample \capa Questions \hfill Set ",""))
! 582: /DIS(var_in_tex(setforTeX))/DIS(tex("}\\ \vskip -.16in",""))
! 583: /DIS(tex("\noindent{\bf ",""))
! 584: /DIS(var_in_tex(classforTeX))/DIS(tex("} -- MSU -- Various Dates. Due ",""))
! 585: /DIS(var_in_tex(due_dateforTeX)) /DIS(tex("CAPA ID is",""))
! 586: /DIS(tex("{\footnotesize ",""))/DIS(var_in_tex(PINforTeX))/DIS(tex("}",""))
! 587: /DIS(tex("\vskip .1in \pagestyle{empty} ",""))
! 588: //
! 589: //
! 590: /LET DeptID="College of Natural Science, Michigan State University"
! 591: /LET stdendlineA=web("", \
! 592: "\vskip .05in\hrule width3.55in height .6pt\
! 593: \hfill\vskip -.07in\noindent{\tiny ", \
! 594: "<Font color=\"gray\"><font size =-1><i> --- ")
! 595: /LET stdendlineB=web("", \
! 596: " \dotfill {CAPA\copyright msu}}", \
! 597: " --- </font><font size=-2>CAPA ©</font><font=-1> msu</i></font> \
! 598: <font color=\"black\"")
! 599: /LET stdendline=stdendlineA+DeptID+stdendlineB
! 600: \end{capacode}
! 601: }
! 602: % \hrule
! 603: \normalsize
! 604: % \vskip .2 in
! 605: \item These lines contain \LaTeX\ commands for alignment and font
! 606: specification. They use arguments in the {\tt tex()} function for
! 607: \LaTeX\ which are not displayed in the ASCII or Web versions. The functions
! 608: print the Student Name, section number, problem set
! 609: number, due date and CAPA ID.
! 610: \item The \LaTeX\ source document created from {\tt TeXheader} and {\tt
! 611: HWTop}, i.e., the first lines in the file
! 612: {\tt quiztemp.tex} file follow: (again, some carriage returns have been added)
! 613: % \vskip 0.1 in
! 614: % \hrule \begingroup
! 615: % \footnotesize
! 616: % \begin{verbatim}
! 617: % \documentstyle[twocolumn,epsf]{article}
! 618: % \textheight 25.9cm
! 619: % \oddsidemargin = -0.42in
! 620: % \evensidemargin = -0.42in
! 621: % \textwidth= 7.28in
! 622: % \begin{document}
! 623: % \voffset=-4.1cm
! 624: % \setcounter{page}{1}
! 625: % \newcommand{\\capa\}{{\sl C\kern-.10em\raise-.00ex\hbox{\rm A}\kern-.22em%
! 626: % {\sl P}\kern-.14em\kern-.01em{\rm A}}}
! 627: % \newenvironment{choicelist}{\begin{list}{}{\setlength{\rightmargin}{0in}
! 628: % \setlength{\leftmargin}{0.13in}\setlength{\topsep}{0.05in}\setlength
! 629: % {\itemsep}{0.022in}\setlength{\parsep}{0in}\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}
! 630: % {0.04in}\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{0.05in}\setlength
! 631: % {\abovedisplayshortskip}{-0.04in}\setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{0.04in}}}
! 632: % {\end{list}}\noindent{\large\bf Student, Jamie \hfill Section
! 633: % {\Large 1}}\\ \vskip -.1in \noindent {\large \it \capa\ Natural Science--
! 634: % \hfill
! 635: % Set 1}\\ \vskip -.16in \noindent{\bf nsc111f7} -- MSU -- 1995. Due Sun,
! 636: % Sep 1, 1996 at 08:00. CAPA ID is {\footnotesize 8755} \vskip .1in
! 637: % \pagestyle{empty}
! 638: % \end{verbatim}
! 639: % \endgroup
! 640: \footnotesize{
! 641: \begin{capacode}
! 642: \documentstyle[twocolumn,epsf]{article}
! 643: \textheight 25.9cm
! 644: \oddsidemargin = -0.42in
! 645: \evensidemargin = -0.42in
! 646: \textwidth= 7.28in
! 647: \begin{document}
! 648: \voffset=-4.1cm
! 649: \setcounter{page}{1}
! 650: \newcommand{\capa}{{\sl C\kern-.10em\raise-.00ex\hbox{\rm A}\kern-.22em%
! 651: {\sl P}\kern-.14em\kern-.01em{\rm A}}}
! 652: \newenvironment{choicelist}{\begin{list}{}{\setlength{\rightmargin}{0in}
! 653: \setlength{\leftmargin}{0.13in}\setlength{\topsep}{0.05in}
! 654: \setlength{\itemsep}{0.022in}
! 655: \setlength{\parsep}{0in}\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{0.04in}
! 656: \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{0.05in}
! 657: \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{-0.04in}
! 658: \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{0.04in}}}{\end{list}}
! 659:
! 660:
! 661: \noindent{\large\bf Student, Jamie .\hfill Section {\Large 1}}\\
! 662: \vskip -.1in \noindent
! 663: {\large \it Sample \capa Questions \hfill Set 1}\\
! 664: \vskip -.16in \noindent{\bf nsc111f7}
! 665: -- MSU -- Various Dates. Due Fri, May 15, 1998 at 08:00 CAPA ID is
! 666: {\footnotesize 5743}
! 667: \vskip .1in \pagestyle{empty}
! 668: \end{capacode}
! 669: }
! 670: % \hrule
! 671: % \vskip 0.1 in
! 672: \normalsize\noindent
! 673: Note that all of the \capa\ functions have been evaluated
! 674: before the file is written.
! 675: \item The result from Latex and dvips processing is a student copy which looks
! 676: like:
! 677: \begin{center}
! 678: \parbox[t]{3.8in}{
! 679: \noindent {\hrule \vskip 0.2 in \noindent{\large\bf Student, Jamie
! 680: \hfill Section {\Large 1}}\\ \vskip -.1in
! 681: \noindent {\large \it \capa\ Natural Science-- \hfill Set 1}\\ \vskip -.16in
! 682: \noindent{\bf nsc111f7} -- MSU -- 1995.
! 683: Due Sun, Sep 1, 1996 at 08:00. CAPA ID is {\footnotesize 8755} \vskip .1in
! 684: \hrule}}
! 685: \end{center}
! 686: \normalsize
! 687: \item The remainder of the set{\em x}.qz file contains the questions. Each
! 688: question typically consists of a block of
! 689: variable definitions, the text for the question including evaluation of
! 690: imbedded data, the coding of the answer, and
! 691: optionally, a comment, a hint and an explanation.
! 692: \vskip 0.2in
! 693: \end{itemize}
! 694: %\item
! 695: \subsection{Example}
! 696: {\bf Example 1.} A complete example of a very simple \capa\ problem is
! 697: given below:
! 698: % \vskip 0.1in
! 699: % \hrule
! 700: % \footnotesize
! 701: \begin{capacode}
! 702: //**************************************
! 703: /BEG prob_val=2
! 704: /IMP "../Tools/Problem#"
! 705: // By S. Wolfe, wolfe@nscl.msu.edu, No commercial use.
! 706: /HIN Summing is the same as Addition.
! 707: /EXP Add the two numbers and enter the result.
! 708: //
! 709: /LET firstnumber=random(1,5,1)
! 710: /LET secondnumber=random(2,10,2)
! 711: //
! 712: Find the sum of /DIS(firstnumber) plus /DIS(secondnumber).
! 713: //
! 714: /LET sum=firstnumber+secondnumber
! 715: /ANS(sum,tol=0.01,wgt=prob_val,tries=10)
! 716: /DIS(stdline)
! 717: //**************************************
! 718: \end{capacode}
! 719:
! 720: % \normalsize
! 721: % \noindent
! 722: The printed output for a specific student appears as:
! 723: % \vskip 0.1in
! 724: % \hrule
! 725:
! 726: {\bf 1. [2pt]} Find the sum of 3 plus 8.\\
! 727: \vskip .05in \hrule width2in height0.6pt \hfill \vskip .02in
! 728:
! 729: \begin{itemize}
! 730: \item Each of the lines in this example is terminated with a carriage return
! 731: end-of-line character, even though it is not
! 732: visible here.
! 733: \item The {\tt /BEG prob\_val=2} begins the problem and sets the weight of the
! 734: problem to 2 points. (The weight must be an integer from 1 to 9.) [Note: \verb"/BEG"
! 735: is the same as \verb"/LET"]
! 736: \item The {\tt /IMP "../Tools/Problem\#"} function is used to print the problem
! 737: number and the weight of the problem with a
! 738: bold font.
! 739: \item All lines that start with double-slashes, {\tt //}, are comment lines and
! 740: only appear in the \mbox{set{\em x}.qz} file.
! 741: For example, the comment lines of stars are used to visually separate problems so that they
! 742: can be identified easily. As in any computer
! 743: code, comments play an important role in documentation and ``self-documenting''
! 744: variable names are helpful.
! 745: \item The line beginning with {\tt /HIN} contains an optional hint, i.e., it
! 746: is up to the instructor whether to include such
! 747: a hint for the students on a particular problem. If a hint has been coded into
! 748: a problem, the student can `request' to view the
! 749: hint after attempting to answer the question.
! 750: \item The line beginning with {\tt /EXP} is the explanation. The explanation
! 751: becomes available to the students after data
! 752: entry to the problem set is `closed.' (Explanations and Hints are included at
! 753: the discretion of the
! 754: instructor).
! 755: \item The lines beginning with {\tt /LET} are definitions of the variables
! 756: needed for this problem. {\tt firstnumber}, is
! 757: declared to be a random integer in the range of 1 to 5 in steps of 1, similarly,
! 758: {\tt secondnumber} is an integer in the range
! 759: of 2 to 10 in steps of 2. \capa\ displays real and integer variables
! 760: differently. It is preferable not to mix integer and
! 761: real numbers. Within functions such as {\tt random()} they must not be mixed.
! 762: \item Next, we have the text of the problem that will be contained in the
! 763: printed problem set and shown on the computer
! 764: screen. Note that the {\tt /DIS()} command around a previously declared
! 765: variable tells the computer to display its value.
! 766: If the variable is not defined prior to diplaying, an
! 767: error message will be displayed.
! 768: \item The {\tt /LET sum =..} declares that the variable {\tt sum} is the sum of
! 769: the two random numbers. This is the answer to
! 770: the problem and we use an appropriate variable name. (The name of the answer,
! 771: here {\tt sum}, is up to the author.)
! 772: \item Finally, the answer to the problem is declared using the {\tt /ANS()}
! 773: command. The line with the answer should come
! 774: literally at the end of all the material for a problem. See Section 6 for
! 775: explanations of the arguments of the {\tt /ANS()} function.\\
! 776: \end{itemize}
! 777: %
! 778: %\vskip 0.10 in
! 779: %\item
! 780: \subsection{\bf Example 2. Using the choose() function}
! 781: The {\tt choose()} function can be used to select among choices or to correlate
! 782: variables with pictures or graphs. ({\small Note: there should be NO
! 783: carriage return in the choose line. In general, try
! 784: to minimize carriage returns as they use up the limited number of lines
! 785: available as screen display on the vt100 terminals}). In this example the
! 786: computer selects a random number in the range of 1 to 14 and then constructs a
! 787: filename to be displayed and the correlated answer.
! 788: \vskip 0.1in
! 789: \hrule
! 790: %
! 791: \scriptsize \begin{verbatim}
! 792: //**************************************
! 793: /BEG prob_val=1
! 794: /IMP "../Tools/Problem#"
! 795: //By E. Kashy, kashy@nscl.msu.edu, No commercial use
! 796: /LET k=random(1,14,1)
! 797: /LET file=choose(k,"35","45","56","62","77","86","93","m26","m39","m47","m51","m66","m74","m84")
! 798: /LET ans5=choose(k, 3.5,4.5,5.6,6.2,7.7,8.6,9.3,-2.6,-3.9,-4.7,-5.1,-6.6,-7.4,-8.4)
! 799: The graph shows the function /DIS(tex("\\ \centerline{$Y=a x$} ","Y=ax. "))
! 800: Make a careful determination of the value of /DIS(tex("$a$","a")).
! 801: /DIS(tex("\epsfxsize=3.6in \epsffile{/usr/users/teacher/CAPA45/nsc111f7/pictures/Y",""))
! 802: /DIS(var_in_tex(file))/DIS(tex("x.ps}",""))
! 803: /DIS( html("<IMG SRC=/nsc111f7/pictures/Y"))/DIS(html(file))/DIS(html("x.gif >") )
! 804: /ANS(ans5:2E,tol=5%,wgt=prob_val,tries=10)
! 805: /DIS(stdline)
! 806: //**************************************
! 807: \end{verbatim}
! 808:
! 809: \normalsize
! 810: \noindent The output on paper would look like (see next page):
! 811: \clearpage
! 812: \hrule
! 813: {\bf 2.}[1pt] The graph below represents the function $$Y=a x$$ Make a careful
! 814: determination of the value of $a$\\
! 815: \centerline{\epsfxsize=3.8in\epsffile{pictures/Y3p5x.ps}}
! 816: \vskip .05in \hrule width2in height0.6pt \hfill \vskip .02in
! 817: %
! 818: \begin{itemize}
! 819: \item The computer code picks a random number, {\tt k}, and the {\tt choose}
! 820: function selects the string variable, ``35", that
! 821: will be included in the name of the {\tt .eps} or \texttt{.gif} file to be displayed. The choose
! 822: function contains the selection index as its
! 823: first argument and the choices as the remaining arguments.
! 824: \item It is important to check that the number of choices corresponds exactly
! 825: to the maximum number of the selection index.
! 826: Otherwise an error will occur whenever the index (randomly) lies outside the
! 827: range of choices. An `Out of bounds' error message
! 828: is displayed.
! 829: \item The answer is also specified with a {\tt choose()} function using the
! 830: same selection index.
! 831: \item The author of the problem must be sure that the data in the first {\tt
! 832: choose()} function corresponds to the answers
! 833: in the second {\tt choose()} function.
! 834: \end{itemize}
! 835: \vskip 0.2in
! 836: %\item
! 837: \subsection{\bf Example 3. Scrambling order of N-correct out of M-choices}.
! 838: The traditional multiple choice problem usually has
! 839: only one correct answer described by a letter or group of letters. To prevent
! 840: guessing and to encourage the students to discuss
! 841: the concepts presented by such problems, we have created problem prototypes
! 842: where the order and number of choices vary. \\
! 843: In this example a set of variables is loaded for each student and displayed in
! 844: the text of the problem. The students are then
! 845: given three statements which are generated from up to four versions. \vskip
! 846: 0.1in
! 847: \hrule
! 848: %\footnotesize
! 849: \hskip -1in
! 850: %\begingroup \footnotesize
! 851: \begin{capacode}
! 852: //**************************************
! 853: /BEG prob_val=1
! 854: /IMP "../Tools/Problem#"
! 855: //By E. Kashy, kashy@nscl.msu.edu, No Commercial Use
! 856: // ../CAPA4/MCTools/Nof3 Select N correct of 3 Statements
! 857: A mass M = 0.16 /DIS(kg_u) is on a smooth horizontal surface (negligible
! 858: friction).
! 859: It is attached to a spring with spring constant k = 15.3 /DIS(NPm_u). The mass
! 860: is displaced from its equilibrium position (x=0) by a distance of 0.14 m
! 861: (x= + 0.14 m) and then released from rest.
! 862: // The next 3 lines are the answer format instructions for the students.
! 863: (Give all of the correct answers, i.e., A or BC or ABC...)
! 864: //----------------------------------------
! 865: /LET s1a="The motion of M is simple harmonic motion."
! 866: /LET s1b="Statement 1 variation b"
! 867: /LET s1c="Statement 1 variation c"
! 868: /LET s1d="Statement 1 variation d"
! 869: /LET mix1=random(1,1,1)
! 870: /LET a1a=1
! 871: /LET a1b=26
! 872: /LET a1c=26
! 873: /LET a1d=26
! 874: //
! 875: /LET s2a="The amplitude varies with time."
! 876: /LET s2b="The amplitude doesn't vary with time"
! 877: /LET s2c="Statement 2 variation c"
! 878: /LET s2d="Statement 2 variation d"
! 879: /LET mix2=random(1,2,1)
! 880: /LET a2a=2
! 881: /LET a2b=1
! 882: /LET a2c=26
! 883: /LET a2d=26
! 884: //
! 885: /LET s3a="The frequency of oscillation is independent of k."
! 886: /LET s3b="The Period of oscillation is independent of k."
! 887: /LET s3c="The frequency of oscillation depends of k."
! 888: /LET s3d="Statement 3 variation d"
! 889: /LET mix3=random(1,3,1)
! 890: /LET a3a=2
! 891: /LET a3b=2
! 892: /LET a3c=1
! 893: /LET a3d=26
! 894: //
! 895: /IMP "../MCTools/Nof3aux"
! 896: /ANS(Nof3right,wgt=prob_val, str=mc, tries=5)
! 897: /DIS(stdline)
! 898: //**************************************
! 899: \end{capacode}
! 900: %\endgroup
! 901: %\normalsize
! 902: \noindent The output of the above code appears as:
! 903: \hrule
! 904: {\par \bf 1.} [1pt]
! 905: A mass M = 0.16 $kg$ is on a smooth horizontal surface (negligible friction). It
! 906: is attached to a spring with spring constant k = 15.3 $N/m$. The mass is
! 907: displaced from its equilibrium position (x=0) by a distance of 0.14 m (x=+ 0.14
! 908: m ) and then released from rest. (Give all of the correct answers, i.e., A or BC
! 909: or ABC...)
! 910: \begin{choicelist}
! 911: \item[] A) The amplitude varies with time.
! 912: \item[] B) The Period of oscillation is independent of k.
! 913: \item[] C) The motion of M is simple harmonic motion.
! 914: \end{choicelist}
! 915: \vskip .05in \hrule width2in height0.6pt \hfill \vskip .02in
! 916: \hrule
! 917: The statements displayed to the student are
! 918: controlled by the {\tt mix{\em x}=random(1,4,1)} index. The upper limit on the
! 919: random function is determined by the number of
! 920: statements available as options in each set. In the example there is only one
! 921: choice of the first statement, and {\tt mix1=random(1,1,1)}. For the third
! 922: statement, there are three choices and {\tt mix3=random(1,3,1)}, so a student gets
! 923: one of the three options.
! 924:
! 925: The example relies on an auxillary file to do the scrambling. This file is
! 926: imported into set{\em x}.qz with the command:\\
! 927: {\tt /IMP "../MCTools/Nof3aux"}\\
! 928: The imported auxillary file depends upon
! 929: consistency in variable names. Do not change the names of the statement
! 930: variables (e.g., {\tt s1a}) or the names of the answer
! 931: variables (e.g., {\tt a1a}). If you wish to make major changes in tool formats,
! 932: it is recommended that you include the auxillary file
! 933: within the set{\em x}.qz rather than using the import ({\tt /IMP}) command. The
! 934: choices are loaded into specific statement variable names (i.e., {\tt /LET
! 935: s1a="The motion of M is simple harmonic motion"})
! 936: that are correlated to the answer variables for `correct' { \tt /LET a1a=1}; or
! 937: `incorrect' { \tt /LET a1a=2}. In this
! 938: example, the variable {\tt s1b} is not used in the problem, so its answer {\tt
! 939: a1b} is not changed from the value 26. In all the
! 940: preformatted MCTools files, we have used 26 to indicate an unused
! 941: answer/statement.
! 942: \begin{itemize}
! 943: \item The file {\tt Nof3} can be simply copied from the {\tt CAPA4/MCTools}
! 944: directory and pasted into the problem set file. The {\tt Include Button} in {\tt
! 945: quizzer} allows a user to scan the directory structure and perform that
! 946: function.
! 947: \item The statements (and their variations) are typed as strings into the s1a,
! 948: s2a, etc. and corresponding values for a1a, a2a, etc. indicating if the
! 949: variation is correct.
! 950: \item The text of the new problem should be typed in.
! 951: \item Certain variables \begin{verbatim} kg_u, NPm_u, stdline\end{verbatim}
! 952: are not defined within the problem. Because they are used often, they were
! 953: defined in files imported once at the start of the set ({\tt /IMP
! 954: "../Tools/StdUnits"}) to simplify problem coding.
! 955: \item The middle integer in {\tt mix3=random(1,3,1)} corresponds to the number
! 956: of variation of statement
! 957: block 3.\\
! 958: \end{itemize}
! 959: %
! 960: %\item
! 961: \subsection{\bf Using Logical Functions and other Functions}. A number of logical
! 962: functions are provided in \capa\ to allow numerical testing for various
! 963: conditions. The logical expression is tested and returns 0 if False and 1 if
! 964: true. These expressions can be used in a number of ways, for example in the
! 965: rank4aux file used in problem 11 on page 56.
! 966: \vskip 0.1in
! 967: \hrule
! 968: %\noindent The system selects three random numbers in the ranges specified.
! 969: %These are presented to the student with two decimal places (:2, see below).
! 970: %Because there are three values, any of which could be the smallest, the numbers
! 971: %are compared pairwise. As the logical function returns the number 0 or 1 the
! 972: %value of `pair1' will be set to the smaller of r4a and r4b.
! 973: % making voffset less negative moves up
! 974: % making hoffset less negative moves right
! 975:
! 976: %\end{enumerate}
! 977:
! 978: \clearpage
! 979:
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