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-latest versions of mimtex

1:  21: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 22: "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 23:  24: 25:  28: <html> 29: <head> 30: <title> mimeTeX user's manual </title> 31: <meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> 32: <style type="text/css"> 33: body { background-image: none; /* none; or url(); */ 34: /*background-repeat: repeat-y;*/ 35: /*background-attachment: fixed;*/ /* fixed; or scroll; */ 36: background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; 37: margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.1em; 38: font-size: large; /* or medium */ 39: clear: both } 40: A:active { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 41: A:link { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 42: A:visited { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 43: A:hover { color: red/*#FF0000*/; text-decoration: underline 44: /*font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;*/ 45: /*font-size: normal; line-height: normal*/ } 46: h1 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; 47: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 48: font-size: xx-large; 49: padding-top: 2.0em; 50: letter-spacing: 0.25em } 51: h2 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; 52: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 53: font-size: x-large; 54: padding-top: 1.0em; 55: letter-spacing: 0.20em } 56: h3 { color: maroon; /*black; text-decoration: underline;*/ 57: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 58: font-size: large; 59: margin-left: 1em; 60: padding-top: 0.5em; 61: letter-spacing: 0.15em } 62: center { padding-top: -0.1em; padding-bottom: -0.1em; } 63: table { font-size: large } 64: table.medium { font-size: medium } 65: dl { font-size: large; 66: margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em } 67: ol { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em } 68: ul { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em; 69: list-style-type: square } 70: ul ul { margin-left: -0.5em; margin-right: 3.5em; 71: list-style-type: disc } 72: pre { margin-left: 3.0em; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold } 73: pre.nobold { margin-left:3.0em; font-size:medium; font-weight:normal } 74: p { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em } 75: p:first-letter 76: { font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; 77: color: maroon } 78: p.continue { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em; 79: padding-top: -0.1em } 80: p.continue:first-letter 81: { font-size: large; font-weight: normal; 82: color: black } 83: p.warning { color: red } /* defines p class=warning */ 84: </style> 85: <script type="text/javascript"> 86:  101: </script> 102: </head> 103: <body> 104: 105:  108: 109: <hr size=4> 110: <center> 111: <table cellspacing=10> 112: <tr> 113: <td align="center"> 114: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr1" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr1')" 115: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+\frac{a_2} 116: {b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 117: <td align="center" valign="middle"> 118: <center> 119: m i m e T e X   m a n u a l 120: ( for mimeTeX version 1.60 ) 121: Click for:  122:  124: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> 125: LaTeX tutorial</a> 126: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html" target="_top"> 127: mimeTeX QuickStart</a> 128: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 129:  130: download mimeTeX</a> 131: </center> </td> 132: <td align="center"> 133: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr2" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr2')" 134: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} 135: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" 136: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 137: <a href="#examples">more_examples...</a> </td> 138: </tr> 139: </table> 140: </center> 141: <hr size=4> 142: <center> 143: Copyright © 2002-2005, 144: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> 145: email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> 146: 147: <a href="#preview"><img id="timestamp1" onclick="eqntext('timestamp1')" 148: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\begin{matrix} 149: \large\today\\\normalsize\today[3]\end{matrix}" 150: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 151: 152: 153:  156: <center> 157:         C o n t e n t s         158: 159: <table cellspacing=0 class="medium"> 160: <tr> 161: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 162: - - - T u t o r i a l - - - </td> 163: <td valign="top" align="center" colspan=3 width=450> 164: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R e f e r e n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 165: </td> 166: </tr> 167: <tr> 168: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 169: <a href="#introduction">  (I) Introduction  </a> 170: <a href="#quickstart"> a. Quick Start </a> 171: <a href="#examples"> b. Examples </a> 172: <a href="#gpl"> c. GPL License </a> </td> 173: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 174: <a href="#build">  (II) Building mimeTeX  </a> 175: <a href="#compile"> a. Compile </a> 176: <a href="#install"> b. Install </a> 177: <a href="#options"> c. Compile Options </a> 178: <a href="#cmdline"> d. Command Line </a> </td> 179: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 180: <a href="#reference">  (III) Syntax Reference  </a> 181: <a href="#spaces"> a. Math & White Space </a> 182: <a href="#symbols"> b. Symbols, Sizes, Modes </a> 183: <a href="#delimiters"> c. Delimiters </a> 184: <a href="#accents"> d. Accents, Arrows, etc. </a> 185: <a href="#array"> e. \begin{array} </a> 186: <a href="#picture"> f. \picture( ){ } </a> 187: <a href="#commands"> g. Other Commands </a> 188: <a href="#exceptions"> h. Other Exceptions </a> </td> 189: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 190: <a href="#appendices">    (IV) Appendices    </a> 191: <a href="#fonts"> a. Fonts </a> 192: <a href="#makeraster"> b. make_raster() </a> 193: <a href="#gifsave"> c. gifsave.c </a> 194: <a href="#remarks">   Remarks   </a> </td> 195: </tr> 196: </table> 197: 198:  201: 202: <table border="0"> 203: <tr>  204: <td align="left"> 205:  209: - - - - - - I n s t a l l a t i o n   210: a n d   U s a g e   S u m m a r y - - - - - - 211: </td> </tr> 212: <tr> 213: <td valign="top">  214: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"> 215: <tr><td align="right" valign="top">       216: <a href="#build">Installation</a>:     </td> 217: <td> Download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 218: mimetex.zip</a> and then type 219:     unzip mimetex.zip 220:     cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 221: Now just mv mimetex.cgi to your cgi-bin/ 222: directory, and you're all done. </td></tr> 223: <tr><td colspan="2">   </td></tr> 224: <tr><td align="right" valign="top"> 225: <a href="#introduction">Usage</a>:     </td> 226: <td> To see the image     227: <a href="#preview"><img id="summary1" onclick="eqntext('summary1')" 228: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" 229: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 230: just write the tag 231:     <img src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 232:     x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"> 233: </td></tr> 234: </table> 235: </td> 236: </tr> 237: </table> 238: </center> 239: 240: 241:  244: <h1> <a name="introduction">(I) Introduction</a>   </h1> 245: 246: MimeTeX, licensed under the 247: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">gpl</a>, 248: lets you easily embed LaTeX math in your html pages. 249: It parses a LaTeX math expression and immediately emits the 250: corresponding gif image, rather than the usual TeX dvi. 251: And mimeTeX is an entirely separate little program that doesn't use 252: TeX or its fonts in any way. It's just one cgi that you put in your 253: site's cgi-bin/ directory, with no other dependencies. So mimeTeX 254: is very easy to <a href="#quickbuild">install</a>. And it's equally 255: easy to use. Just place an html <img> tag in your document 256: wherever you want to see the corresponding LaTeX expression. 257: For example, 258: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 259: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> immediately 260: generates the corresponding gif image on-the-fly, displaying 261: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI1" onclick="eqntext('imageI1')" 262: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 263: f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 264: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> wherever you put that <img&gt tag. 265: MimeTeX doesn't need intermediate dvi-to-gif conversion, and it doesn't 266: create separate gif files for each converted expression. 267: 268: There's also no inherent need to repeatedly write the cumbersome 269: <img> tag illustrated above. You can write your own custom 270: tags, or write a wrapper script around mimeTeX to simplify the 271: notation. For example, 272: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWiki" target="_top"> 273: PmWiki</a> already has a 274: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" target="_top"> 275: mimeTeX plugin</a> that lets you just write 276: {$ f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt $} 277: to obtain the same image. Or, if you're using 278: <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB</a>, then 279: <a href="http://www.themathforum.com" target="_top">Jameson</a> 280: contributed the following one-line mod that lets you just write 281: [tex] ... [/tex] to obtain mimeTeX images: 282: <pre class="medium"> #--------[open]----------------------------------------------------- 283: /includes/bbcode.php 284: #--------[find]----------------------------------------------------- 285: // Remove our padding from the string.. 286: #--------[before, add]---------------------------------------------- 287: $text = preg_replace('/\[tex\](.*?)\[\/tex\]/ie', 288: "'<img src=\"/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?'.rawurlencode('$1').'\" align=\"middle\" />'", 289: $text);</pre> 290: 291: MimeTeX's benefit over similar math-on-the-web solutions is, as 292: mentioned above, its easy installation. But if that's not a 293: problem for you, and if your site's server already has a LaTeX 294: distribution installed, and suitable image conversion utilities like 295: <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org" target="_top">ImageMagick</a>, 296: then you may prefer to look at a math rendering script like 297: <a href="http://www.mayer.dial.pipex.com/tex.htm#latexrender" 298: target="_top">latexrender</a> 299: which uses LaTeX to create higher quality images than mimeTeX 300: produces. For comparison, 301: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI2" onclick="eqntext('imageI2')" 302: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 303: f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 304: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, with arbitrary mean 305: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI3" onclick="eqntext('imageI3')" 306: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\mu" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 307: and standard deviation 308: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI4" onclick="eqntext('imageI4')" 309: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sigma" alt="" border=0 310: align=middle></a>, and at mimeTeX's next larger font size, looks like 311: <center> 312: <table> 313: <tr align="center"> 314: <td> mimeTeX </td> 315: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}" 316: alt="" border=0> </td> 317: <td> latexrender </td> 318: </tr> 319: <tr align="center"> 320: <td> 321: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI5" onclick="eqntext('imageI5')" 322: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 323: f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}} 324: \int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{\small-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt" 325: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 326: <td>   </td> 327: <td> <img src="http://www.forkosh.com/lrender.gif" 328: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </td> 329: </tr> 330: </table> 331: </center> 332: Similar LaTeX-based solutions that you may want to look at are 333: <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/textogif/textogif.html" 334: target="_top">textogif</a> and 335: <a href="http://www.math.uio.no/~martingu/gladtex/" 336: target="_top">gladTeX</a>. Additional discussion and several more 337: links are at <a href="http://www.tug.org/interest.html#web" 338: target="_top">www.tug.org/interest.html</a> and in the 339: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=LaTeX2HTML" 340: target="_top">tex-faq</a>. 341:  356: You may now want to browse the additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a> 357: below before proceeding, to make sure mimeTeX suits your needs before you 358: spend more time learning to use it. 359: 360: 361:  364: <h2> <a name="quickstart"> (Ia) Quick Start   </a> </h2> 365: 366:  MimeTeX is as TeX-like as possible (though 367: not 100% compliant), and you must already be familiar with LaTeX 368: math markup to use it. If you're not, many online LaTeX 369: <a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html#doc" target="_top">turorials</a> 370: are readily available. You may also want to browse Andrew Roberts' 371: <a href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/andyr/misc/latex/latextutorial9.html" 372: target="_top">Latex Math I</a> and 373: <a href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/andyr/misc/latex/latextutorial10.html" 374: target="_top">Latex Math II</a>, or my own 375: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> 376: LaTeX math tutorial</a>. 377: Then, instead of continuing to read this page, you can  just Submit any LaTeX 379: math expression you like in the Query Box below. I've started 380: you out with a little example already in the box, or  381: you can Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> below 382: to place that corresponding expression in the Query Box. 383: 384: Meanwhile, here are just a few quickstart tips for Submitting 385: your own mimeTeX expressions in the Query Box below: 386: <ul> 387: <li> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes selected by 388: one of the usual directives   \tiny 389: or \small or \normalsize , 390: or \large (default) or \Large 391: or \LARGE , or \huge or \Huge . 392:     Unlike standard LaTeX, font size directives may 393: appear within math mode expressions. They affect everything 394: to their right, except that their scope will be limited to any 395: { }-enclosed subexpression in which they occur. 396: For example,   "a+\small b+c" 397:   renders   398: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBu" onclick="eqntext('imageBu')" 399: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a+\small b+c" 400: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>,   whereas   401: "\small a+{\Large b+}c"   renders   402: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBv" onclick="eqntext('imageBv')" 403: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small a+{\Large b+}c" 404: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. </li> 405:  417: <li>   426:  432: By default, mimeTeX renders limits textstyle   433: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB1" onclick="eqntext('imageB1')" 434: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textstyle 435: \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 436:   at sizes \normalsize and smaller, 437: and renders them displaystyle   438: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB2" onclick="eqntext('imageB2')" 439: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 440: \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 441:   at sizes \large and larger. 442: The LaTeX directives \displaystyle or \textstyle, 443: and \limits or \nolimits, override mimeTeX's default 444: in the usual way. Or see the -DDISPLAYSIZE=n 445: <a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change 446: the default. </li> 447: </ul> 448: <a name="forminput"> </a> <a name="preview"> </a> 449: Now enter your own LaTeX expression, use the sample provided, 450: or Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a>. 451: Then press the Submit button, and mimeTeX's rendering should be 452: displayed in the little window immediately below it. 453: <center> 454: <table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> 455: <tr align="center"><td> 456: <form name="expression" action="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi" 457: method="get" target="inlineframe"> 458: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"> 459: <tr align="left"><td align="center"> 460: First enter your own LaTeX expression, 461: or Click any example... 462: <textarea name="formdata" rows="5" cols="72" 463: >\Large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</textarea> 464: </td></tr> 465: <tr align="center"><td> 466: <input type="button" onClick="cleartext()" 467: value="Clear Expression">     468:   <input type="submit" value="Submit Expression"> 469: </td></tr> 470: </table> 471: </form> </td></tr> <tr align="left"><td align="center"> 472: Now click Submit to see it rendered below... 473: <iframe name="inlineframe" align="middle" width="85%" height="110"> 474: iframe's not supported if you see this. 475: </iframe> 476: </td></tr> 477: </table> 478: </center> 479: You should see   480: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA3" onclick="eqntext('imageIA3')" 481: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 482: f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt" 483: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> if you submit the sample expression 484: already in the box. 485: 486: And the <img> tag to embed this same integral anywhere 487: in your own document is 488: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 489: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> 490: 491:  493: The typical mimeTeX <img> tag has the form 494: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression" 495: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> 496: where ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi is the relative path from your html 497: page containing these tags to your compiled mimetex.cgi program, and 498: where any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression 499: is pretty much any valid LaTeX math expression: <ul> 500:  503: <li>  There are occasional exceptions where I couldn't 504: program mimeTeX to recognize valid LaTeX syntax. 505: One particular "gotcha" is that mimeTeX bindings 506: are pretty much left-to-right. Thus, for example, although 507: mimeTeX correctly interprets \frac12 as well as 508: \frac1{x^2}, etc, the legal LaTeX expression 509: x^\frac12 must be written x^{\frac12}. 510: Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets it as {x^\frac}12, i.e., 511: the same way x^\alpha12 would be interpreted, which is 512: nonsense for \frac. The same "gotcha" also applies to 513: other combinations of commands, e.g., you must write 514: \sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}, or 515: \frac\alpha{\sqrt\beta}, etc. 516: The <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a> section 517: contains much additional information.  </li> 520: <li> Besides such exceptions, mimeTeX 521: also provides various LaTeX extensions.  For example, font size 523: directives like \Large are permitted within mimeTeX 524: math mode expressions, but flagged as errors by LaTeX. 525:  </li> </ul> 528: 529: 530:  533: <h2> <a name="examples"> (Ib) Examples   </a> </h2> 534: 535: Here are various additional random examples further demonstrating 536: mimeTeX's features and usage. To see how they're done, Click any 537: one of them to place its corresponding expression in the 538: <a href="#preview">Query Box</a> above. Then press Submit 539: to re-render it, or you can edit the expression first to suit 540: your own purposes. 541: 542: <table cellspacing=15> 543:  545: <tr> 546: <td> 547: <a name="example1">(1)</a>     </td> 548: <td align="left" colspan=4> 549: <a href="#preview"> 550: <img id="example1a" onclick="eqntext('example1a')" 551: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\red\normalsize\displaystyle 552: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 553: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 554: <a href="#preview"> 555: <img id="example1b" onclick="eqntext('example1b')" 556: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\green\large\displaystyle 557: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 558: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 559: <a href="#preview"> 560: <img id="example1c" onclick="eqntext('example1c')" 561: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue\Large 562: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 563: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 564: <a href="#preview"> 565: <img id="example1d" onclick="eqntext('example1d')" 566: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\reverse\opaque\light 567: \LARGE e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 568: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 569: <a href="#preview"> 570: <img id="example1e" onclick="eqntext('example1e')" 571: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE 572: e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac xn\right)^n" 573: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 574: </td> 575: </tr> 576: 577:  579: <tr> 580: <td> 581: (2) </td> 582: <td align="left" colspan=4> 583: <a href="#preview"> 584: <img id="example2" onclick="eqntext('example2')" 585: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\frac{dv^m}{ds}=-\Gamma^m_{oo}v^{o^2} 586: =-g^{mn}\Gamma_{noo}v^{o^2}=\frac12g^{mn}g_{oo,n}v^{o^2}" 587: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 588: </tr> 589: 590:  592: <tr> 593: <td> 594: (3) </td> 595: <td align="left" colspan=4> 596: <a href="#preview"> 597: <img id="example3" onclick="eqntext('example3')" 598: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\varepsilon=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 599: \frac1{\Delta x}\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\left\{\frac1{\Delta x}\big[ 600: (x_{i+1}-x)y_i^\ast+(x-x_i)y_{i+1}^\ast\big]-f(x)\right\}^2dx" 601: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 602: </tr> 603: 604:  606: <tr> 607: <td> 608: (4) </td> 609: <td align="left" colspan=4> 610: <table> 611: <tr> 612: <td align="left"> 613: <a href="#preview"> 614: <img id="example4a" onclick="eqntext('example4a')" 615: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" 616: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 617: <td> 618: solution for quadratic </td> 619: </tr> 620: <tr> <td> </td> </tr> 621: <tr> 622: <td align="left"> 623: <a href="#preview"> 624: <img id="example4b" onclick="eqntext('example4b')" 625: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f^\prime(x)\ = 626: \lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}" 627: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 628: <td> 629: definition of derivative </td> 630: </tr> 631: </table> </td> 632: </tr> 633: 634:  636: <tr> 637: <td> 638: (5) </td> 639: <td align="left"> 640: <a href="#preview"> 641: <img id="example5" onclick="eqntext('example5')" 642: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+ 643: \frac{a_2}{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" 644: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 645: <td> 646: illustrating \frac{}{} for continued fraction </td> 647: </tr> 648: 649:  651: <tr> 652: <td> 653: (6) </td> 654: <td align="left"> 655: <a href="#preview"> 656: <img id="example6" onclick="eqntext('example6')" 657: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\tilde y=\left\{ 658: {\ddot x\text{ if \vec x odd}\atop\hat{\,\bar x+1}\text{ if even}}\right." 659: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 660: <td> 661: illustrating \left\{...\right. 662:  663: and note the accents </td> 664: </tr> 665: 666:  668: <tr> 669: <td> 670: (7) </td> 671: <td align="center"> 672: <a href="#preview"> 673: <img id="example7" onclick="eqntext('example7')" 674: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\overbrace{a,...,a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, 675: \underbrace{b,...,b}_{\text{l b^,s}}\hspace{10} 676: \large\underbrace{\overbrace{a...a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, 677: \overbrace{b...b}^{\text{l b^,s}}}_{\text{k+l elements}}" 678: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 679: <td> 680: \overbrace{}^{} and \underbrace{}_{} 681: (TeXbook page 181, Exercise 18.41) </td> 682: </tr> 683: 684:  686: <tr> 687: <td> 688: (8) </td> 689: <td align="left" colspan=3> 690: <table> 691: <tr> 692: <td align="left" colspan=2> 693: <a href="#preview"> 694: <img id="example8a" onclick="eqntext('example8a')" 695: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{i0}=+\frac i2 696: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_i&0\\0&-\sigma_i\end{array}\right] 697: \hspace{10}\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} 698: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" 699: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </a> </td> 700: </tr> 701: <tr> <td> </td> </tr> 702: <tr> 703: <td align="left"> 704: <a href="#preview"> 705: <img id="example8b" onclick="eqntext('example8b')" 706: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large A\ =\ \large\left( 707: \begin{array}{c.cccc}&1&2&\cdots&n\\ 708: \hdash1&a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\ 709: 2&a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\ 710: \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 711: n&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{array}\right)" 712: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 713: <td> 714: demonstrating <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a>'s dashed lines </td> 715: </tr> 716: </table> </td> 717: </tr> 718: 719:  721: <tr> 722: <td> 723: <a name="example9">(9)</a> </td> 724: <td align="left" colspan="2"> 725: <a href="#preview"> 726: <img id="example9c" onclick="eqntext('example9c')" 727: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 728: \left(\large\begin{array}{GC+23} 729: \varepsilon_x\\\varepsilon_y\\\varepsilon_z\\\gamma_{xy}\\ 730: \gamma_{xz}\\\gamma_{yz}\end{array}\right)\ {\Large=} 731: \ \left[\begin{array}{CC} 732: \begin{array}\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}x}} 733: &-\frac{\nu_{xy}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}} 734: &-\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}xz}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}}\\ 735: -\frac{\nu_{yx}}{E_y}&\frac1{E_{y}}&-\frac{\nu_{yz}}{E_y}\\ 736: -\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}zx}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}}& 737: -\frac{\nu_{zy}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}} 738: &\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}z}}\end{array} & {\LARGE 0} \\ 739: {\LARGE 0} & \begin{array}\frac1{G_{xy}}&&\\ 740: &\frac1{G_{\fs{+1}xz}}&\\&&\frac1{G_{yz}}\end{array} 741: \end{array}\right] 742: \ \left(\large\begin{array} 743: \sigma_x\\\sigma_y\\\sigma_z\\\tau_{xy}\\\tau_{xz}\\\tau_{yz} 744: \end{array}\right)" 745: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 746: <td align="left"> 747: Block diagonal form using nested \begin{array}'s. 748: Also, note rows aligned across all three arrays. 749: </td> 750: </tr> 751: 752:  754: <tr> 755: <td> 756: (10) </td> 757: <td align="center"> 758: <a href="#preview"> 759: <img id="example10" onclick="eqntext('example10')" 760: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left.\begin{eqnarray} 761: x+y+z&=&3\\2y&=&x+z\\2x+y&=&z\end{eqnarray}\right\}" 762: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 763: <td> 764: using <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> to align equations </td> 765: </tr> 766: 767:  770: <tr> 771: <td> 772: (11) </td> 773: <td align="center"> 774: <a href="#preview"> 775: <img id="example11" onclick="eqntext('example11')" 776: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\begin{array}{rccclBCB} 777: &f&\longrightarrow[75]^{\alpha:{\normalsize f\rightarrow g}}&g\\ 778: \large\gamma&\longdownarrow[50]&&\longdownarrow[50]&\large\gamma\\ 779: &u&\longrightarrow[75]_\beta&v\end{array}" 780: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 781: <td> 782: commutative diagram using <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a> </td> 783: </tr> 784: 785:  787: <tr> 788: <td> 789: (12) </td> 790: <td align="left"> 791: <a href="#preview"> 792: <img id="example12" onclick="eqntext('example12')" 793: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\hspace{5}\unitlength{1} 794: \picture(175,100){ (50,50){\circle(100)} 795: (1,50){\overbrace{\line(46)}^{4$\;\;a}} 796: (52,50){\line(125)} (50,52;115;2){\mid} (52,55){\longleftar[60]} 797: (130,56){\longrightar[35]} (116,58){r} (c85,50;80;2){\bullet} 798: (c85,36){\large-q} (c165,36){\large q} 799: (42,29){\underbrace{\line(32)}_{\small a^2/r\;\;\;}} }" 800: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 801: <td valign="middle"> 802: mimeTeX <a href="#picture">\picture(size){pic_elems}</a> 803: "environment", illustrating the image charge - q 804: for a grounded conducting sphere of radius a with 805: a charge q at distance r > a outside it. </td> 806: </tr> 807: 808:  810: <tr> 811: <td> 812: (13) </td> 813: <td align="left"> 814: <a href="#preview"> 815: <img id="example13" onclick="eqntext('example13')" 816: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\hspace{10}\unitlength{.75} 817: \picture(120,220){ (60,200){\circle(120,40)} (0,20){\line(0,180)} 818: (5,189;0,-30){\pict(110,20){(c20,10;70;2){ 819: \pict(40,20){(20,10){\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}} } } 820: (119,20){\line(0,180)} (60,20){\circle(120,40;34)}}" 821: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 822: <td valign="middle"> <a href="#picture">\picture</a> "environment" 823: illustrating the surface polarization charge induced by a uniform 824: electric field. Inside the slab of material, the volume polarization 825: charge clearly vanishes. The little 826: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\unitlength{.75} \pict(40,20){(20,10) 827: {\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 828: dipole image is drawn only once, then multiput across two columns, and 829: then that result is further multiput down the rows. MimeTeX \picture's 830: can be used as picture elements in other pictures, nested to any level. 831: The image at left is picture-in-picture-in-picture. </td> 832: </tr> 833: </table> 834: 835: 836:  838: <h3> Some font examples ...</a> </h3> 839: Finally, illustrated below are some examples of fonts and symbols 840: available with mimeTeX. All symbols and sizes from cmr, cmmi, 841: cmmib (use \mathbf{ }), cmsy, cmex, bbold (use 842: \mathbb{ }), rsfs (use \mathscr{ }), 843: and stmary should be available, but they're not all shown. 844: And also not shown are various "constructed symbols" like \sqrt, 845: accents, etc. The illustrated font sizes are numbered 4=\Large, 846: 3=\large and 2=\normalsize (not shown are 7=\Huge, 6=\huge, 847: 5=\LARGE, 1=\small and 0=\tiny). 848: 849: <h3>cmmi latin uppercase, and lowercase</h3> 850: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 851: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$A&4$B&4$C&4$D,&4$a&4$b&4$c&4$d\\ 852: 2$\rm~3:~&3$E&3$F&3$G&3$H&3$I&3$J&3$K&3$L,&3$e&3$f&3$g&3$h&3$i&3$j&3$k&3$l\\ 853: 2$\rm~2:~&2$M&2$N&2$O&2$P&2$Q&2$R&2$S&2$T&2$U&2$V&2$W&2$X&2$Y&2$Z,& 854: 2$m&2$n&2$o&2$p&2$q&2$r&2$s&2$t&2$u&2$v&2$w&2$x&2$y&2$z}" 855: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 856: 857: <h3>calligraphic, and rsfs (\cal{A}, \scr{B}, etc)</h3> 858: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 859: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\calA&4$\calB&4$\calC&4$\calD&4$\calE&4$\calF&4$\calG,& 860: 4$\scrA&4$\scrB&4$\scrC&4$\scrD&4$\scrE&4$\scrF&4$\scrG\\ 861: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\calH&3$\calI&3$\calJ&3$\calK&3$\calL&3$\calM&3$\calN&3$\calO& 862: 3$\calP,& 863: 3$\scrH&3$\scrI&3$\scrJ&3$\scrK&3$\scrL&3$\scrM&3$\scrN&3$\scrO&3$\scrP\\ 864: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\calQ&2$\calR&2$\calS&2$\calT&2$\calU& 865: 2$\calV&2$\calW&2$\calX&2$\calY&2$\calZ,& 866: 2$\scrQ&2$\scrR&2$\scrS&2$\scrT&2$\scrU&2$\scrV&2$\scrW& 867: 2$\scrX&2$\scrY&2$\scrZ}" 868: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 869: 870: <h3>cmmi greek uppercase, and \var lowercase</h3> 871: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 872: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\Gamma&4$\Delta&4$\Theta&4$\Lambda&4$\Xi&4$\Pi&4$\Sigma& 873: 4$\Upsilon&4$\Phi&4$\Psi&4$\Omega,&4$\rm~~&4$\varepsilon&4$\vartheta&4$\varpi& 874: 4$\varrho&4$\varsigma&4$\varphi\\ 875: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\Gamma&3$\Delta&3$\Theta&3$\Lambda&3$\Xi&3$\Pi&3$\Sigma& 876: 3$\Upsilon&3$\Phi&3$\Psi&3$\Omega,&~&3$\varepsilon&3$\vartheta&3$\varpi& 877: 3$\varrho&3$\varsigma&3$\varphi\\ 878: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\Gamma&2$\Delta&2$\Theta&2$\Lambda&2$\Xi&2$\Pi&2$\Sigma& 879: 2$\Upsilon&2$\Phi&2$\Psi&2$\Omega,&~&2$\varepsilon&2$\vartheta&2$\varpi& 880: 2$\varrho&2$\varsigma&2$\varphi}" 881: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 882: 883: <h3>cmmi greek lowercase</h3> 884: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 885: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\alpha&4$\beta&4$\gamma&4$\delta&4$\epsilon&4$\zeta& 886: 4$\eta&4$\theta&4$\iota&4$\kappa&4$\lambda&4$\mu&4$\nu&4$\xi&4$%%\omicron%%& 887: 4$\pi&4$\rho&4$\sigma&4$\tau&4$\upsilon&4$\phi&4$\chi&4$\psi&4$\omega\\ 888: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\alpha&3$\beta&3$\gamma&3$\delta&3$\epsilon&3$\zeta& 889: 3$\eta&3$\theta&3$\iota&3$\kappa&3$\lambda&3$\mu&3$\nu&3$\xi&3$%%\omicron%%& 890: 3$\pi&3$\rho&3$\sigma&3$\tau&3$\upsilon&3$\phi&3$\chi&3$\psi&3$\omega\\ 891: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\alpha&2$\beta&2$\gamma&2$\delta&2$\epsilon&2$\zeta& 892: 2$\eta&2$\theta&2$\iota&2$\kappa&2$\lambda&2$\mu&2$\nu&2$\xi&2$%%\omicron%%& 893: 2$\pi&2$\rho&2$\sigma&2$\tau&2$\upsilon&2$\phi&2$\chi&2$\psi&2$\omega}" 894: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 895: 896: <h3>cmsy symbols at mimeTeX font size 3 897: (operators shown large are automatically "promoted" 898: to the larger size in \displaystyle mode) </h3> 899: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{3,r$1$\rm~chars~\\ 900: 1$\rm~0-15:~&-&\cdot&\times&\ast&\div&\diamond&\pm&\mp& 901: \oplus&\ominus&\otimes&\oslash&\odot&\bigcirc&\circ&\bullet\\ 902: 1$\rm~16-31:~&\asymp&\equiv&\subseteq&\supseteq&\leq&\geq&\preceq&\succeq& 903: \sim&\approx&\subset&\supset&\ll&\gg&\prec&\succ\\ 904: 1$\rm~32-47:~&\leftar&\rightar&\uparr&\downar&\leftrightar&\near&\sear& 905: \simeq&\Leftar&\Rightar&\Upar&\Downar&\Leftrightar&\nwar&\swar&\propto\\ 906: 1$\rm~48-63:~&\prime&\infty&\in&\ni&\triangle&\bigtriangledo&/&\'& 907: \forall&\exists&\neg&\emptyset&\Re&\Im&\top&\bot\\ 908: 1$\rm~64-100:~&\aleph&&\calA&4$.\,.\,.&\calZ&&\cup&\cap& 909: \uplus&\wedge&\vee&\vdash&\dashv&\lfloor&\rfloor&\lceil\\ 910: 1$\rm~101-116:~&\rceil&\lbrace&\rbrace&\langle&\rangle&\mid&\parallel& 911: \updownar&\Updownar&\setminus&\wr&\surd&\amalg&\nabla&\int&\sqcup\\ 912: 1$\rm~117-127:~&\sqcap&\sqsubseteq&\sqsupseteq&\S&\dag&\ddag&\P&\clubsuit& 913: \Diamond&\Heart&\spadesuit}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 914: 915: <h3>a few other cmmi, cmr, and stmary symbols at mimeTeX font size 4</h3> 916: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{4,r$ 917: 1$\rm~cmmi:~&\leftharpoonup&\leftharpoondo&\rightharpoonup&\rightharpoondo& 918: \triangleright&\triangleleft&\star&\partial& 919: \flat&\natural&\sharp&\smile&\frown&\ell&\imath&\jmath&\wp&\vec\\ 920: 1$\rm~cmr:~&\ss&\ae&\oe&\AE&\OE \\ 921: 1$\rm~stmary:~&\moo&\Lbag&\Rbag&\lightning&\llbracket&\rrbracket& 922: \subsetpluseq&\supsetpluseq&\Yup&\Ydown}" 923: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 924: 925: 926:  929: <h2> <a name="gpl"> (Ic) GPL License   </a> </h2> 930: 931: 932: &quotMy grandfather once told me there are two kinds of people: 933: &nbsp &nbsp Those who do the work and those who take the credit. 934: &nbsp &nbsp He told me to try to be in the first group; there was much 935: less competition.&quot 936: Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister of India 937: 938: MimeTeX's copyright is registered by me with the US Copyright Office, 939: and I hereby license it to you under the terms and conditions of the 940: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>. 941: There is no official support of any kind whatsoever, 942: and you use mimeTeX entirely at your own risk, with no guarantee 943: of any kind, in particular with no warranty of merchantability. 944: 945: By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood 946: and agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you  possess the legal right and ability to enter 948: into this agreement and to use mimeTeX in accordance with it. 949: 950: Hopefully, the law and ethics regarding computer programs will 951: evolve to make this kind of obnoxious banter unnecessary. 952: In the meantime, please forgive me my paranoia. 953: 954: To protect your own intellectual property, I recommend 955: <a href="http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ1.html" 956: target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The Library of Congress, and 957: similarly, <a href="http://www.abanet.org/intelprop/comm106/106copy.html" 958: target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The American Bar Association. 959: Very briefly, download 960: <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/forms/formtxi.pdf">Form TX</a> 961: and follow the included instructions. 962: In principle, you automatically own the copyright 963: to anything you write the moment it's on paper. In practice, 964: if the matter comes under dispute, the courts look _very_ favorably 965: on you for demonstrating your intent by registering the copyright. 966: 967: 968: 969:  972: <h1> <a name="build"> (II) Building mimeTeX   </a> </h1> 973: 974:  975: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> 976: <tr><td><center><hr size="2">Very quickly   ---   download 977: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 978:  979: mimetex.zip</a> and then type 980: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> 981: <tr align="left"> 982: <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{50}" alt="" border=0></td> 983: <td>unzip mimetex.zip 984: cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</td> 985: </tr></table> 986:       Now mv mimetex.cgi to your cgi-bin/ 987: directory, and you're all done.       988: Read the rest of this section for more detailed 989: information.<hr size="2"></center></td> 990: <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{150}" alt="" border=0></td> 991: </tr></table> 992:  993: 994: I've built and run mimeTeX under Linux and NetBSD using gcc. The source 995: code is ansi-standard C, and should compile and run under all 996: environments without change. Instructions below 997: are for Unix. Modify them as necessary for your particular situation 998: (note the -DWINDOWS switch if applicable). 999: 1000: <h2> <a name="compile"> (IIa) Download and Compile   </a> </h2> 1001: 1002: The steps needed to download and compile mimeTeX are 1003: <ul> 1004: <li> Download and unzip 1005: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 1006:  1007: mimetex.zip</a> in any convenient working directory. 1008: Your working directory should now contain <center> 1009: <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> 1010: <tr><td width=100>README</td> <td>mimeTeX release notes</td></tr> 1011: <tr><td>LICENSE</td> <td>GPL license, under which you may use 1012: mimeTeX</td></tr> 1013: <tr><td>mimetex.c</td> <td>mimeTeX source program and all required 1014: functions</td></tr> 1015: <tr><td>mimetex.h</td> <td>header file for mimetex.c (and for 1016: gfuntype.c)</td></tr> 1017: <tr><td>gfuntype.c</td> <td>parses output from gftype -i 1018: and writes bitmap data</td></tr> 1019: <tr><td>texfonts.h</td> <td>output from several gfuntype runs, 1020: needed by mimetex.c</td></tr> 1021: <tr><td>gifsave.c</td> <td>gif library by Sverre H. Huseby 1022: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" 1023: target="_top">http://shh.thathost.com</a> 1024: </td></tr> 1025: <tr><td>mimetex.html</td> <td>this file, the mimeTeX 1026: user's manual</td></tr> 1027: </table></center> 1028:         1029: Note: all files use Unix line termination, i.e., linefeeds 1030: (without carriage returns) signal line endings. Conversion for 1031: Windows PC's, Macs, VMS, etc, can usually be accomplished by 1032: unzip's -a option, i.e., unzip -a mimetex.zip 1033: </li> 1034: <li> To compile an executable that emits anti-aliased gif images 1035: (which is recommended for most uses), just type the following 1036: command from the Unix shell 1037:         1038: cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 1039: <li> Or, to compile an executable that emit gif images 1040: without anti-aliasing 1041:         1042: cc -DGIF mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 1043: <li> Alternatively, to compile an executable that emits mime xbitmaps 1044:         1045: cc -DXBITMAP mimetex.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 1046: <li> Compile Notes: <ul> 1047: <li> If (and only if) you're compiling a Windows executable with 1048: the -DAA or -DGIF option (but not -DXBITMAP), then 1049: add -DWINDOWS . For example, 1050:         gcc -DAA -DWINDOWS 1051: mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.exe 1052: The above Unix-like syntax works with 1053: <a href="http://www.mingw.org" target="_top">MinGW</a> and 1054: <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/" target="_top">djgpp</a> 1055: Windows compilers, but probably not with most others, 1056: where it's only intended as a "template". 1057:         1058: Explanation: mimeTeX writes gif bytes directly to stdout, as usual 1059: for cgi's. But Windows treats stdout as a character stream, 1060: interpreting any hex 0A byte as an <lf>, and automatically 1061: preceding it with a spurious hex 0D   <cr> byte. The 1062: -DWINDOWS switch compiles in a non-portable, Windows-specific 1063: _setmode() call that sets stdout to binary mode. </li> 1064: <li> If you're compiling for Windows and would prefer 1065: to install mimeTeX as a Win32 DLL, see the 1066: <a href="http://www.codeproject.com/dotnet/Eq2Img.asp"> 1067: Code Project</a> developed by 1068: <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com">Shital Shah</a>, and 1069: download <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com/dev/eq2img_all.zip"> 1070: eq2img_all.zip</a> containing Shital's latest code. </li> 1071:  1074: </ul> </li> 1075: <li> The gfuntype program is only needed if you plan to change the 1076: font information in texfonts.h, as explained in 1077: <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below. 1078: In that case, compile gfuntype with the command 1079:         1080: cc gfuntype.c mimetex.c -lm -o gfuntype </li> 1081: </ul> 1082: That's all there is to compiling mimeTeX. 1083: Several other optional compile-line <a href="#options">options</a> 1084: available for mimetex.c are discussed below. 1085: 1086: Immediately after compiling mimeTeX, test your new executable 1087: by typing   ./mimetex.cgi "x^2+y^2"   1088: from the Unix shell (or   mimetex "x^2+y^2" 1089:   from the Windows Command Prompt), which should emit 1090: two "ascii rasters" something like the following <pre> 1091: Ascii dump of bitmap image... Hex dump of colormap indexes... 1092: ...........**....................**... ..........1**1...................1**1.. 1093: ..........*..*......*...........*..*.. ..........*23*......*............*23*.. 1094: .............*......*..............*.. .............*......*...............*.. 1095: ....****.....*......*.....*..*.....*.. ...1****....2*......*.....2*..*....2*.. 1096: ...*.*.*....*.......*....**..*....*... ...*.*.*...1*.......*.....**..*...1*... 1097: .....*.....*.*..********..*..*...*.*.. ....1*1...2*.*..********..3*..*..2*.*.. 1098: .....*....****......*.....*..*..****.. ....2*2...****......*......*12*..****.. 1099: ..*.*.*.............*.....*.*......... ..*.*.*.............*......*.*2........ 1100: ...****.............*.....***......... ..1****.............*......***......... 1101: ....................*.......*......... ....................*........*......... 1102: .........................*.*.......... ..........................*.*1......... 1103: .........................**........... ..........................**1.......... 1104: The 5 colormap indexes denote rgb vals... 1105: .-->255 1-->196 2-->186 3-->177 *-->0</pre> 1106: (The right-hand illustration shows asterisks 1107: in the same positions as the left-hand one, along with anti-aliased 1108: grayscale colormap indexes assigned to neighboring pixels, and with 1109: the rgb value for each index.) Just typing ./mimetex.cgi 1110: without an argument should produce ascii rasters for the default 1111: expression f(x)=x^2. If you see these two ascii rasters then 1112: your binary's good. Otherwise, you must find and fix the problem 1113: before proceeding. 1114: 1115: 1116: <h2> <a name="install"> (IIb) Install   </a> </h2> 1117: 1118: Once you've successfully tested mimetex.cgi from the Unix shell 1119: (or mimetex.exe from the Windows Command Prompt), 1120: the steps needed to install mimeTeX are 1121: <ul> 1122: <li> mv mimetex.cgi   (or move mimetex.exe)   1123: to your server's cgi-bin/ directory, wherever cgi 1124: programs are expected. </li> 1125: <li> Now you may need to chmod 755 mimetex.cgi   1126: and/or chown it, too, depending on your server's 1127: requirements. Contact your system administrator or ISP 1128: if you're not already familiar with this information. </li> 1129: <li> Once mimetex.cgi is moved to your server's cgi-bin/ 1130: directory, with permissions and owner set as necessary, 1131: you're all done. </li> 1132: </ul> 1133: 1134: Immediately after installing mimeTeX, test your new mimetex.cgi 1135: by typing a url into your browser's locator window something like 1136:         1137: http://www.yourdomain.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2 1138: which should display   1139: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 1140: align=middle>   in the upper-left corner of your window, 1141: just like clicking this link does, which tests my mimetex.cgi, 1142:         1143: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2" 1144: target="_top">http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2</a> 1145: If you see the same   <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1146: \normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 align=middle>   image 1147: from the yourdomain link, then you've completed 1148: a successful mimeTeX installation. 1149: 1150: If you don't see the image, then your installation failed. 1151: If your earlier post-compilation "ascii raster" test 1152: succeeeded, then the problem is probably some server-specific 1153: installation requirement. First make sure you installed mimetex.cgi 1154: in the correct cgi-bin/ directory, set the correct chmod 1155: permissions, and typed the correct url into your browser's locator 1156: window. Then contact your system administrator or ISP, 1157: and ask how to install cgi programs on your server. 1158: 1159: After you've successfully installed mimeTeX, and both preceeding tests 1160: have succeeded, you can optionally "regression test" 1161: all mimeTeX features as follows: 1162: <ul> 1163: <li> mv mimetex.html (this file) to your server's 1164: htdocs/ directory </li> 1165: <li> Paths to cgi-bin/ and htdocs/ directories 1166: are typically path/www/cgi-bin/ and 1167: path/www/htdocs/, so I set up mimtex.html 1168: to access mimetex.cgi from the relative path ../cgi-bin/. 1169: If your directories are non-conforming, you may have to edit 1170: the few dozen occurrences of ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi 1171: in your mimetex.html page. Sometimes a suitable symlink works; 1172: if not, you'll have to edit. Globally changing 1173: ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi usually works. </li> 1174: <li> Now visit your page   1175: http://www.yourdomain.com/mimetex.html </li> 1176: <li> Once your mimetex.html displays properly, you can assume 1177: everything is working, and can begin authoring html documents 1178: using mimetex.cgi to render your own math. </li> 1179: </ul> 1180: 1181: That's all there is to installing mimeTeX. . 1182: 1183: 1184: <h2> <a name="options"> (IIc) Additional Compile-Line Options   </a></h2> 1185: 1186: In addition to -DAA or -DGIF or -DXBITMAP (along with -DWINDOWS 1187: when necessary) on the mimetex.c compile line, as discussed above, 1188: you may also optionally include the following -D switches, 1189: whose functionality is discussed below. 1190: <dl> 1191: <dt> -DAA </dt> 1192: <dd> As already discussed, -DAA turns on anti-aliasing. 1193: It also sets default values for individual anti-aliasing 1194: parameters discussed below. If you specify -DAA 1195: then you needn't specify the individual parameters unless 1196: you want to override the defaults. 1197:       Anti-aliasing can't be applied to mime 1198: xbitmaps, so don't specify -DAA if you also specify -DXBITMAP. 1199:       And mimeTeX's anti-aliasing only works 1200: well on white (or light gray) backgrounds. Your html file 1201: probably contains a <body> tag of the form 1202: <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> 1203: which specifies black text on a pure white background. 1204: The background can be grayed down to maybe bgcolor="#e7e7e7", 1205: but much darker will begin to show white rings around 1206: mimeTeX's anti-aliased characters. This page is displayed 1207: using bgcolor="#ffffff". </dd> 1208: <dt> -DCENTERWT=n 1209: -DADJACENTWT=j 1210: -DCORNERWT=k </dt> 1211: <dd> MimeTeX currently provides a lowpass filtering 1212: algorithm for anti-aliasing, which is applied to the 1213: existing set of bitmap fonts. This lowpass filter applies 1214: weights <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1215: \tiny\begin{pmatrix}1&2&1\\2&\,8\,&2\\1&2&1\end{pmatrix}" 1216: alt="" border=0 align=middle> to neighboring pixels. The defaults 1217: weights are CENTERWT=8, ADJACENTWT=2 and CORNERWT=1, 1218: which you can adjust to control anti-aliasing. </dd> 1219: <dt> -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\" </dt> 1220: <dd> This option saves each rendered image to a file in directory 1221: path/, which mimeTeX reads rather than 1222: re-rendering the same image every time it's given 1223: the same LaTeX expression. Sometimes mimeTeX disables caching, 1224: e.g., expressions containing \input{ } are 1225: re-rendered since the contents of the inputted file may have 1226: changed. If compiled without -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\" 1227: mimeTeX always re-renders expressions. This usually isn't too 1228: cpu intensive, but if you have unusually high hit rates then 1229: image caching may be helpful. The path/ 1230: is relative to mimetex.cgi, and must be writable by it. 1231: Files created under path/ are named 1232: filename.gif, where filename 1233: is the 32-character MD5 hash of the LaTeX expression. 1234:       When caching a new image, mimeTeX also 1235: updates the file path/mimetex.log containing 1236: a timestamp, filename and LaTeX expression for each new file 1237: created. A sample entry looks like 1238: <pre>--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1239: 2004-08-07:09:00:53am f8ccc8dd93c8eeb1d9c40b353ef781e0.gif 1240: \LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} 1241: ---------------------------------------------------------------------</pre></dd> 1242: <dt>-DDEFAULTSIZE=n </dt> 1243: <dd> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes numbered 0-7, 1244: and always starts out in DEFAULTSIZE, whose default value is 3. 1245: Specify -DDEFAULTSIZE=2 on the compile line if you prefer 1246: mimeTeX to start in default size 2, etc. </dd> 1247: <dt>-DDISPLAYSIZE=n </dt> 1248: <dd> By default, operator limits like \int_a^b are rendered 1249: \textstyle <a href="#preview"> 1250: <img id="displaysize1" onclick="eqntext('displaysize1')" 1251: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1252: \normalsize\displaystyle\int\nolimits_a^b" 1253: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \normalsize 1254: and smaller, and rendered \displaystyle <a href="#preview"> 1255: <img id="displaysize2" onclick="eqntext('displaysize2')" 1256: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" 1257: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \large and 1258: larger. This default corresponds to -DDISPLAYSIZE=3, 1259: which you can adjust; e.g., -DDISPLAYSIZE=0 always defaults 1260: to \displaystyle, and 99 (or any large number) 1261: always defaults to \textstyle. Note that explicit 1262: \textstyle, \displaystyle, \limits or 1263: \nolimits directives in an expression always override 1264: the DISPLAYSIZE default. </dd> 1265: <dt>-DNEWCOMMANDS=\"newcommands.h\" </dt> 1266: <dd> LaTeX-like \newcommand's are available in mimeTeX, 1267: via the following facility to help you define your 1268: own "new commands" during compilation. Edit a file named 1269: newcommands.h (or any filename you specify between 1270: \"...\"'s with the -DNEWCOMMANDS=\"filename\" 1271: switch). For newcommands _without_ 1272: arguments, your file should contain one or more lines 1273: like the following examples: 1274: <pre>{ "\\iint", NULL, "{\\int\\int}" }, 1275: { "\\rightleftharpoons",NULL,"{\\rightharpoonup\\atop\\leftharpoondown}" }, 1276: { "\\ldots", NULL, "{\\Large.\\hspace1.\\hspace1.}" }, 1277: { "\\cr", NULL, "\\\\" }, 1278: { "\\neq", NULL, "{\\not=}" },</pre> 1279: For newcommands _without_ arguments, as illustrated above, 1280: the general form of each line in your file should be   1281: { "\\command", NULL, "{replacement}" }, 1282:     Don't forget a comma at the end of every line, 1283: and write a double backslash \\ 1284: between quotes "...\\..." wherever you actually 1285: want a single backslash \. The only effect 1286: of the above examples (without arguments) is simple string 1287: substitution, i.e., every occurrence of \command 1288: is replaced by {replacement}. Note that the 1289: { }'s surrounding replacement 1290: aren't required, but are usually a good idea (the case 1291: of \cr illustrated above is one exception, where 1292: { }'s would defeat the purpose). 1293:     To define newcommands _with_ arguments, 1294: change the NULL after the \\command 1295: to define your command's arguments as illustrated by the 1296: following example: 1297: <pre>{ "\\lvec", "2n", "#2_1,\\cdots,#2_{#1}" },</pre> 1298: In this case the NULL has been replaced by "2n" 1299: (note the mandatory surrounding quotes "..."). This 1300: example corresponds to the similar one discussed in TLC2 on 1301: page 845. The first character inside the "..."s is 1302:   2   indicating the number of arguments, 1303: which may be 1 thru 9. If there are no 1304: subsequent characters followng this one, then all arguments are 1305: mandatory, enclosed in { }'s as usual. Otherwise, 1306: any subsequent characters signal that the first argument 1307: is optional, enclosed in [ ]'s if given. And 1308: these subsequent characters comprise the first argument's 1309: default value if it's not explicitly given. The illustrated 1310: example's first argument is optional with default value   1311: n   as shown. In this case that's just a single 1312: character, but you can write any length default you like. 1313:     To see many additional examples, search for the 1314: uppercase string NEWCOMMANDS in mimetex.c, and look below that. 1315: All the above examples are already there. </dd> 1316: <dt> -DPATHPREFIX=\"path/\" </dt> 1317: <dd> The <a href="#input">\input{ }</a> and 1318: <a href="#counter">\counter{ }</a> commands discussed below 1319: require filename arguments which, by default, point to files 1320: residing in the same cgi-bin/ directory as your mimetex.cgi. 1321: Moreover, for security, absolute paths with leading /'s 1322: or \'s, and paths with ../'s or ..\'s, 1323: are not permitted. Instead, compile mimetex with PATHPREFIX 1324: defined as path/ if you want input files in some 1325: other directory. And make sure your path/ ends 1326: with / (or with \ for Windows). </dd> 1327: <dt> -DREFERER=\"domain\" or 1328: -DREFERER=\"domain1,domain2,etc\" </dt> 1329: <dd> Blocks mimeTeX requests from unauthorized domains that 1330: are using your mimetex.cgi (hence your server's resources) 1331: without permission. 1332:       If REFERER is defined, mimeTeX 1333: performs a case-insensitive test of the environment variable 1334: HTTP_REFERER to verify that it contains the authorized 'domain' 1335: as a substring. 1336:       If given several 'domain's (second form) 1337: then HTTP_REFERER must contain either 'domain1' or 1338: 'domain2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. 1339:       If HTTP_REFERER doesn't contain a substring 1340: matching any of these domain(s), then mimeTeX emits an error 1341: message image instead of the requested image. You can manually 1342: modify invalid_referer_msg, defined in function main(), 1343: to personalize the error message for your own site. 1344:       Finally, if HTTP_REFERER is not found as 1345: an environment variable, then mimeTeX correctly generates the 1346: requested image instead of generating an error. </dd> 1347: <dt>-DSECURITY=n </dt> 1348: <dd> This is essentially a "paranoid" setting that defaults 1349: to a high value 999, which inhibits some optional logging 1350: activity. -DCACHEPATH=path/ isn't affected, 1351: since you're explicitly supplying a path/ 1352: you want files written to. But, for example, you must set 1353: -DSECURITY=5 (or less) to permit the \counter 1354: command to create a new counter file. A malicious user 1355: could conceivably flood your file system by submitting 1356: zillions of \counter{filename} commands 1357: to mimeTeX, each with a different filename. </dd> 1358: <dt>-DSMASHMARGIN=n or 1359: -DNOSMASH </dt> 1360: <dd> TeX typically renders an expression like 1361: \frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx as <a href="#preview"> 1362: <img id="nosmash1" onclick="eqntext('nosmash1')" 1363: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 1364: \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx" 1365: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX tries to remove extra 1366: whitespace, rendering the same expression as <a href="#preview"> 1367: <img id="nosmash2" onclick="eqntext('nosmash2')" 1368: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 1369: \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 1370: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. 1371: Compile with -DNOSMASH if you prefer the typical TeX 1372: behavior as mimeTeX's default. Or, to adjust the minimum 1373: number of pixels between smashed symbols (default is 3), 1374: compile with -DSMASHMARGIN=n. 1375: See <a href="#smash">Smash</a> for further discussion. </dd> 1376: <dt> -DWARNINGS=n or 1377: -DNOWARNINGS </dt> 1378: <dd> If an expression submitted to mimeTeX contains an 1379: unrecognzied escape sequence, e.g., "y=x+\abc+1", then 1380: mimeTeX generates a gif image containing an embedded 1381: warning in the form "y=x+[\abc?]+1". Or, if an expression 1382: contains an unrecognized character, i.e., one for which mimeTeX 1383: has no corresponding bitmap, then the embedded warning is [?]. 1384: If you want these warnings suppressed, either -DWARNINGS=0 1385: or -DNOWARNINGS on the compile line tells mimeTeX to treat 1386: unrecognized/undisplayable input as white space. </dd> 1387: <dt> -DWHITE </dt> 1388: <dd> MimeTeX usually renders black symbols on a white 1389: background. This option renders white symbols on 1390: a black background instead. </dd> 1391: </dl> 1392: 1393: 1394: <h2> <a name="cmdline"> (IId) Command Line Features   </a> </h2> 1395: 1396: MimeTeX usually runs from a browser, obtaining its input expression 1397: from a query_string. But you can also run mimeTeX from your Unix 1398: shell, supplying all input from the command line. This was briefly 1399: illustrated above, where you were advised to test your newly-compiled 1400: mimeTeX executable from the command line before installing it. 1401: 1402: In addition to such simple testing, mimeTeX also provides some 1403: possibly useful functionality from the command line. In particular, 1404: you can store a gif (or xbitmap) image of any expression to a file. 1405: No syntax checking is applied to command-line arguments, so enter 1406: them carefully. 1407: 1408: The complete command-line syntax for mimeTeX is 1409: <pre> 1410: ./mimetex [ -d ] dump gif image on stdout, 1411: [ -e export_file ] or write gif image to export_file 1412: [ expression expression, e.g., "x^2+y^2", 1413: | -f input_file ] or read expression from input_file 1414: [ -g1 -d ] dump .pbm-formatted image on stdout 1415: [ -g1 -e export_file ] or write .pbm image to export_file 1416: [ -g2 -d ] dump anti-aliased .pgm image on stdout 1417: [ -g2 -e export_file ] or write .pgm image to export_file 1418: [ -m msglevel ] verbosity of debugging output 1419: [ -o ] render image with opaque background 1420: [ -s fontsize ] default fontsize, 0-5 1421: 1422: -d Rather than printing ascii debugging output, mimeTeX 1423: dumps the actual gif (or xbitmap) to stdout, e.g., 1424: ./mimetex -d "x^2+y^2" > expression.gif 1425: creates expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 1426: 1427: -e export_file Like -d but writes the actual gif 1428: (or xbitmap) directly to export_file, e.g., 1429: ./mimetex -e expression.gif "x^2+y^2" 1430: creates file expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 1431: 1432: expression Place LaTeX expression directly on command 1433: line, with no -switch preceding it, as in the example 1434: immediately above, or..... 1435: 1436: -f input_file .....read expression from input_file 1437: (and automatically assume -d switch). The input_file 1438: may contain the expression on one line or spread out 1439: over many lines. MimeTeX will concatanate all lines 1440: from input_file to construct one long expression. 1441: Blanks, tabs, and newlines are just ignored. 1442: 1443: -g1 -d dumps a .pbm-formatted portable bitmap image to stdout. 1444: Note that this is the bitmap image _before_ anti-aliasing. 1445: 1446: -g1 -e export_file Like -g1 -d but writes the .pbm-formatted 1447: portable bitmap directly to export_file, e.g., 1448: ./mimetex -g1 -e expression.pbm "x^2+y^2" 1449: creates file expression.pbm containing a bitmap image 1450: of x^2+y^2 before anti-aliasing. 1451: 1452: -g2 -d dumps a .pgm-formatted portable graphic image to stdout. 1453: Note that this is the bytemap image _after_ anti-aliasing. 1454: 1455: -g2 -e export_file Like -g2 -d but writes the .pgm-formatted 1456: portable graphic image directly to export_file, e.g., 1457: ./mimetex -g3 -e expression.pgm "x^2+y^2" 1458: creates file expression.pgm containing a bytemap image 1459: of x^2+y^2 after anti-aliasing. 1460: 1461: -m msglevel 0-99, controls verbosity/message level for 1462: debugging output (usually used only while testing code). 1463: 1464: -o Rather than the default transparent gif background, 1465: the rendered image will contain black symbols on an 1466: opaque white background (or vice versa if compiled 1467: with -DWHITE). For example, if you have ImageMagick's 1468: display utility, 1469: ./mimetex -o -d "x^2+y^2" | display & 1470: opens a small window containing the rendered expression. 1471: 1472: -s fontsize 0-7, font size. Font size can also be specified 1473: within the expression by a directive, e.g., \Large f(x)=x^2 1474: displays f(x)=x^2 at font size 4, overriding -s. 1475: Default font size is 3. 1476: </pre> 1477: 1478: 1479: 1480:  1483: <h1> <a name="reference"> (III) Syntax Reference   </a> </h1> 1484: 1485: Since mimeTeX's syntax is as TeX-like as possible, we'll mostly discuss 1486: the occasional differences. 1487:  1489: This section contains short paragraphs that each discuss some aspect 1490: of mimeTeX where your LaTeX experience might not be precisely 1491: duplicated. 1492: 1493: Anything not discussed here that still doesn't behave like you expect 1494: is probably just not implemented. That includes (La)TeX packages 1495: (though a few ams commands like \begin{gather} and \begin{pmatrix} 1496: are recognized), non-standard fonts, etc. You can try out any 1497: questionable syntax by <a href="#forminput">Submit</a>ting a query 1498: to quickly see whether or not it works. And you might want to 1499: occasionally re-browse the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> above, 1500: which may better illustrate implemented features. 1501: 1502: 1503: <h2> <a name="spaces"> (IIIa) \unitlength{ }, Math Spaces and Whitespace 1504:   </a> </h2> 1505: 1506: <h3> <a name="unitlength">\unitlength...</a> </h3> 1507: 1508: Lengths in mimeTeX are all ultimately expressed in number of pixels. 1509: Various commands discussed below require length arguments, including 1510: <ul> 1511: <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hspace{ }</a> </li> 1512: <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hfill{ }</a> </li> 1513: <li> <a href="#raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ }</a> </li> 1514: <li> <a href="#circleline">\line( , )</a> and 1515: <a href="#circleline">\circle( , )</a> </li> 1516: <li> <a href="#arrows">\longrightarrow[ ]</a> </li> 1517: </ul> 1518: (the \longxxxarrow [ ]-arguments are optional mimeTeX 1519: extensions to LaTeX)   MimeTeX's length-type arguments never 1520: take units, e.g., {10pt} and {1cm} are both invalid. Lengths always 1521: refer to number of pixels, optionally scaled by a user-specified 1522: \unitlength. 1523: 1524: MimeTeX's \unitlength{ } command lets you specify 1525: the number of pixels per "length unit", e.g., 1526: \unitlength{10} \hspace{2.5} renders a 25-pixel space. 1527: Both \unitlength{ } and \hspace{ }'s 1528: length arguments may be integers or may contain decimal points. 1529: Ditto for all other mimeTeX commands that take length arguments. 1530: The default \unitlength is, you guessed it, 1. 1531: 1532: A specified \unitlength applies to all subsequent terms, 1533: i.e., everything to its right. And several \unitlength's 1534: may be specified in the same expression, each one overriding 1535: those to its left. But if one or more \unitlength's 1536: appear within a { }-enclosed subexpression, then terms 1537: following its closing right } revert to the \unitlength 1538: in effect before its opening left {. For example, <center> 1539: A\hspace{10} {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C} \hspace{10}D 1540:   produces   1541: <a href="#preview"><img id="unitlength1" onclick="eqntext('unitlength1')" 1542: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\hspace{10} 1543: {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C}\hspace{10}D" 1544: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1545: which has a 10-pixel space between A and B, then 1546: 25 pixels between B and C, and finally 1547: another 10 pixels between C and D. 1548: 1549: <h3> <a name="mathspace">Math Spaces...</a> </h3> 1550: 1551: Except inside <a href="#textboxes">text boxes</a>, 1552: unescaped blanks, tildes (a ~), and all other usual 1553: <a href="#whitespace">whitespace</a> characters are completely 1554: ignored by mimeTeX, just like they are in LaTeX math mode. 1555: As usual, you must explicitly write one of the recognized math 1556: spaces to put extra visible space in your rendered expressions. 1557: 1558: MimeTeX recognizes math spaces \, \: \; as well as 1559: \/ and \quad and \qquad . You may also 1560: write \hspace{10} to insert a 10-pixel (or any other number) 1561: space, scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, 1562: as illustrated just above. There are no negative spaces. 1563: 1564: Although some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces 1565: inside html query_string's, mimeTeX also recognizes escaped blanks 1566: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}" 1567: alt="" border=0 align=middle> (a \ followed by a blank) as math 1568: spaces, just in case you can safely use them. 1569: 1570: MimeTeX also supports \hfill{textwidth}, where 1571: textwidth is roughly equivalent to LaTeX's 1572: \textwidth, i.e., it's the total number of pixels, scaled by 1573: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, that your entire rendered 1574: expression will span. However, if \hfill{ } appears 1575: within a { }-enclosed subexpression, then it applies 1576: only to that subexpression. For example, <center> 1577: {abc \hfill{50} def} \hfill{100} ghi 1578:     produces     1579: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace1" onclick="eqntext('mathspace1')" 1580: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large{abc\hfill{50}def}\hfill{100}ghi" 1581: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1582: The first/inner \hfill{50} inserts exactly enough whitespace so 1583: that subexpression "abc  def" spans 50 pixels. 1584: Then the second/outer \hfill{100} inserts exactly enough 1585: whitespace so that the entire expression spans 100 pixels. 1586: Without explicit { }-nesting, mimeTeX evaluates expressions 1587: left-to-right (sinistrally), e.g., ...\hfill{100}...\hfill{50}... 1588: is exactly equivalent to ...\hfill{100}{...\hfill{50}...}. 1589: Notice that, this time, the second/right textwidth 1590: argument is necessarily smaller than the first/left. 1591: 1592: Finally, mimeTeX begins a new line whenever you write \\ . 1593: And you may optionally write \\[10] to put a 10-pixel (or any 1594: other number) vertical space, scaled by 1595: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, between lines. 1596: <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> also splits long 1597: equations over several lines, as illustrated by 1598: <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above. 1599: But when that's not the best solution, you can also write, 1600: for example, <center> 1601: y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h 1602:     to produce     1603: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace2" onclick="eqntext('mathspace2')" 1604: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h" 1605: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1606: 1607: However, mimeTeX can't correctly handle automatically-sized delimiters 1608: across linebreaks, e.g., <center> 1609: y=\left\{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\right\} 1610:     produces     1611: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace3" onclick="eqntext('mathspace3')" 1612: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\{a+b+c+d\\ 1613: \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 1614: whereas you probably wanted         1615: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace4" onclick="eqntext('mathspace4')" 1616: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\big{a+b+c+d\\ 1617: \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\big}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 1618: </center> 1619: which I produced using \big{...\\...\big} instead 1620: of \left\{...\\...\right\}. Expressions of the 1621: form \left...\right \\ \left...\right should all be 1622: rendered properly. It's only \left...\\...\right that will 1623: look odd. 1624: 1625: <h3> <a name="whitespace">Whitespace, Comments, 1626: and some other characters...</a> </h3> 1627: 1628: Some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces 1629: inside html query_string's. In that case, you can write 1630: tildes (a ~) wherever blanks are required or desired, 1631: e.g., \alpha~w instead of \alpha w, or 1632: \frac~xy or \sqrt~z, etc. MimeTeX correctly 1633: interprets both blanks and ~'s, and all 1634: other usual whitespace characters. So use whatever's convenient 1635: as long as it's correctly interpreted inside query_string's by your 1636: browser. 1637: 1638: Similarly, some browsers occasionally misinterpret linebreaks/newlines 1639: inside the middle of long html query_string's. 1640: For example, 1641: <pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} 1642: \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt" 1643: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> 1644: breaks a long query_string over two lines. If your browser interprets 1645: this correctly, then mimeTeX will render it correctly, too. Otherwise, 1646: you'll have to enter long expressions on one big long line. 1647: 1648: If you can break long query_string's over several lines, then you may 1649: find mimeTeX's %%comments%% feature useful, too. Note that 1650: comments must be preceded and followed by two %'s 1651: rather than LaTeX's usual one. The above example could be written 1652: <pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} %%normalization%% 1653: \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt %%integral%%" 1654: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> 1655: 1656: Besides whitespace, browsers may misinterpret embedded apostrophes, 1657: and especially quotes, within query strings. The a's and 1658: b's in <a href="#example7">Example 7</a> above actually use 1659: superscripted commas for apostrophes, i.e., a^,s and b^,s, 1660: and you can also use LaTeX \prime's, as in a^\prime s. 1661: For quotes, you can use ^{,,} since " almost certainly 1662: won't work. To help make things easier, in addition to the usual 1663: LaTeX \prime, mimeTeX also recognizes \apostrophe and 1664: \quote and \percent, all with the obvious meanings. 1665: 1666: 1667: <h2> <a name="symbols"> (IIIb) Math Symbols, Sizes, and Modes   </a></h2> 1668: 1669: <h3> <a name="characters">Character Sets...</a> </h3> 1670: 1671: For complete information about the characters and math symbols 1672: available in mimeTeX, you'll need to browse through the bottom 1673: 500-or-so lines of mimetex.h. And several additional 1674: symbols like \ldots and \AA and \hbar are 1675: defined by the mimeTeX preprocessor, function mimeprep( ) 1676: in mimetex.c     Generally speaking, I've tried to 1677: encode the cmr10, cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, 1678: and stmary10 families with "names", e.g., \alpha \beta 1679: \forall \sqcup, etc, identical to your LaTeX expectations. 1680: For example, the calligraphic symbols in cmsy10 are accessed by 1681: writing \mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{XYZ}. Similarly, 1682: write \mathbf{A} for the cmmib fonts, write \mathscr{A} 1683: for rsfs10, and write \mathbb{R} for bbold10. 1684: And see stmaryrd.dvi or stmaryrd.sty, supplied with most LaTeX 1685: distributions, for the names of the stmary10 symbols. 1686:  1696: I haven't exhaustively checked all the name-number matchings for 1697: the hundreds of symbols in mimetex.h. You can eaily correct 1698: any minor mistake you find in what I hope is an obvious manner. 1699: The fonts <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below provides 1700: additional information. 1701: 1702: In addition to extra LaTeX symbols like \ldots, \AA 1703: and \hbar, mentioned above, the mimeTeX preprocessor 1704: mimeprep( ) also recognizes various html special 1705: characters like &lt;, &gt;, &nbsp;, 1706: &quot;, &amp;, etc. Some web tools apparently 1707: translate characters like, e.g., > to &gt;, 1708: even inside quoted query_string's, so mimeTeX's preprocessor 1709: translates them back to LaTeX symbols for you. 1710: 1711: <h3> <a name="sizes">Font Sizes...</a> </h3> 1712: 1713: MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes, numbered 0-7, with default 3. 1714: This font size numbering corresponds to the usual LaTeX directives 1715:   \tiny,   \small,   \normalsize, 1716:   \large (default),   \Large,   1717: \LARGE,   \huge and \Huge. 1718: These directives can be placed anywhere in a mimeTeX expression, 1719: and they change font size from that point forwards. However, as usual, 1720: a font size change inside a { }-subexpression remains 1721: in effect only within that subexpression. 1722: 1723: In mimeTeX you may also write \fontsize{0}...\fontsize{7} or 1724: the shorter \fs{0},...,\fs{7} for \tiny,...,\Huge. 1725: And since these arguments are all single digits, the even shorter 1726: form \fs0,...,\fs7 works equally well. For example, 1727: <center> <table cellpadding=0> 1728: <tr align=center> 1729: <td align="left"> 0:   1730: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\tiny f(x)=x^2"> 1731:   produces... </td> 1732: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes0" onclick="eqntext('sizes0')" 1733: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\tiny f(x)=x^2" 1734: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1735: <tr align=center> 1736: <td align="left"> 1:   1737: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs1 f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1738: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" 1739: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs1 f(x)=x^2" 1740: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1741: <tr align=center> 1742: <td align="left"> 2:   1743: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1744: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" 1745: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f(x)=x^2" 1746: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1747: <tr align=center> 1748: <td align="left"> 3:   1749: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1750: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes3" onclick="eqntext('sizes3')" 1751: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2" 1752: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1753: <tr align=center> 1754: <td align="left"> 4:   1755: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1756: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" 1757: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f(x)=x^2" 1758: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1759: <tr align=center> 1760: <td align="left"> 5:   1761: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs5 f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1762: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" 1763: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs5f(x)=x^2" 1764: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1765: <tr align=center> 1766: <td align="left"> 6:   1767: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\huge f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1768: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" 1769: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\huge f(x)=x^2" 1770: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1771: <tr align=center> 1772: <td align="left"> 7:   1773: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs7 f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1774: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" 1775: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs7 f(x)=x^2" 1776: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1777: </table> </center> 1778: rendering f(x)=x^2 in mimeTeX font sizes   1779: 0 (\tiny or \fs0),   1 (\small or \fs1),   1780: 2 (\normalsize or \fs2),   3 (default \large),   1781: 4 (\Large or \fs4),   5 (\LARGE or \fs5),   1782: 6 (\huge or \fs6)   and   7 (\Huge or \fs7). 1783: 1784: You'll soon notice that exponents and \frac's and \atop's 1785: are automatically rendered one size smaller than their base 1786: expressions. For example, <center> 1787: \Large y=e^{x^2}   produces   1788: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" 1789: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{x^2}" 1790: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1791: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large), the "x" in 1792: font size 3 (\large), and the "2" in font size 2 (\normalsize). 1793: If you get below font size 0, the font size remains 0. 1794: 1795: Explicit size declarations override mimeTeX's default sizing behavior. 1796: You can rewrite the preceding example as, say, <center> 1797: \Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}   which now produces 1798:   <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" 1799: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}" 1800: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1801: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large unchanged), 1802: the "x" in font size 2 (\normalsize), and the "2" 1803: in font size 0 (\tiny). 1804: 1805: Preceding an \fs{ } size argument with + or 1806: - specifies "relative" sizing. For example, 1807: \large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi} produces 1808: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" 1809: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}" 1810: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, rendering the "def" 1811: in font size 1 (two sizes smaller than \large). Note that 1812: \fs{-2} affects only the subexpression in which it appears, 1813: and that its braces are no longer optional since -2 contains 1814: two characters. For exponents (or any other size-changing commands 1815: like \frac), <center> 1816: \Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}   produces   1817: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" 1818: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}" 1819: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1820: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large), as usual. 1821: The "x" would usually be rendered one size smaller, 1822: in font size 3, and your \fs{-1} is applied to that, 1823: resulting in font size 2. And the final "2" is rendered, 1824: by the usual rules, one size smaller than the "x", 1825: in font size 1. 1826: 1827: <h3> <a name="modes">Modes...</a> </h3> 1828: 1829: MimeTeX is always in a math-like mode, so you needn't surround 1830: expressions with $...$'s for \textstyle, 1831: or $$...$$'s for \displaystyle. 1832:  1836: By default, operator limits like \int_a^b are rendered 1837: \textstyle <a href="#preview"> 1838: <img id="modes99a" onclick="eqntext('modes99a')" 1839: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\int_a^b" 1840: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \normalsize 1841: and smaller, and rendered \displaystyle <a href="#preview"> 1842: <img id="modes99b" onclick="eqntext('modes99b')" 1843: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" 1844: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \large and 1845: larger (see the -DDISPLAYSIZE 1846: <a href="#options">compile option</a> to change this default). 1847: And when \displaystyle is invoked (either implicitly at font size 1848: \large or larger, or if you explicitly write \displaystyle 1849: at any font size), then operators \int, \sum, 1850: \prod, etc, are automatically promoted to larger sizes. 1851:  1852:  1854:  1856: For example, <center> 1857:  1862: \normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1863:     produces     1864: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2a" onclick="eqntext('modes2a')" 1865: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1866: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>,   whereas 1867: \displaystyle \normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1868:  produces  1869: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" 1870: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1871: \normalsize\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1872: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, </center> 1873: and  <center> 1875: \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2   produces   1876: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" 1877: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1878: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>,   whereas 1879: \textstyle \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1880:     produces     1881: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2b" onclick="eqntext('modes2b')" 1882: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textstyle\large 1883: \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 1884:  </center> 1885: 1886: As usual, \nolimits turns displaystyle off (or textstyle on) 1887: for the operator immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 1888: \large \sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1889:   produces   1890: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes3" onclick="eqntext('modes3')" 1891: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1892: \large\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1893: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a></center> 1894: and likewise, \limits turns displaystyle on for the operator 1895: immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 1896: \normalsize \sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1897:   produces   1898: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes4" onclick="eqntext('modes4')" 1899: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1900: \normalsize\sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1901: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1902: 1903: By the way, \limits affects _any_ character 1904: or subexpression immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 1905: A^i_j   produces   1906: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes5" onclick="eqntext('modes5')" 1907: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A^i_j" 1908: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     as usual, whereas 1909: A\limits^i_j   produces   1910: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes6" onclick="eqntext('modes6')" 1911: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\limits^i_j" 1912: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. </center> 1913: Likewise, for subexpressions, <center> 1914: \widehat{xyz}\limits^a   produces   1915: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes7" onclick="eqntext('modes7')" 1916: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\widehat{xyz}\limits^a" 1917: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1918: This side effect may occasionally be useful. For example, <center> 1919: x\rightarrow\limits^gy   produces   1920: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes8" onclick="eqntext('modes8')" 1921: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\rightarrow\limits^gy" 1922: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1923: (mimeTeX automatically centers super/subscripts above/below 1924: the long and Long <a href="#arrows">arrow</a> forms) 1925: 1926: The \displaystyle command turns on displaystyle math mode for 1927: the entire expression (or { }-enclosed subexpression), 1928: affecting _all_ super/subscripts to the right 1929: of the \displaystyle, except for character classes Ordinary and 1930: Variable (TeXbook page 154). Similarly, \textstyle turns 1931: off displaystyle math mode. For example, <center> 1932: \sum_1^n {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j} \sum_1^m 1933:   produces   1934: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes9" onclick="eqntext('modes9')" 1935: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_1^n 1936: {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j}\sum_1^m" 1937: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1938: Note that \sum's within the subexpression are all affected by 1939: the beginning \displaystyle, but not the Variable x_i^j. 1940: An explicit x\limits_i^j always affects any preceding term. 1941: 1942: <h3> <a name="textboxes">text boxes...</a> </h3> 1943: 1944: Finally, mimeTeX also has a text-like/roman mode 1945: entered by writing either \text{anything at all} 1946: or the equivalent LaTeX-2.09-like command 1947: {\rm anything at all}, both of which render 1948: anything at all in roman (font family cmr10). 1949: \mbox{ } and several similar LaTeX commands are 1950: recognized by mimeTeX as synonyms for \text{ }. 1951: For italic, write \textit{anything at all} or 1952: {\it anything at all}, both of which render 1953: anything at all in italic (font family cmmi10). 1954: All four forms respect spaces between words, except that the 1955: first/required space after {\rm etc} and 1956: {\it etc} is still ignored. For example, <center> 1957: anything at all   just produces   1958: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes1" onclick="eqntext('textboxes1')" 1959: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize anything at all" 1960: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     whereas 1961: \text{anything at all}   produces   1962: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes2" onclick="eqntext('textboxes2')" 1963: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\text{anything at all}" 1964: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     and 1965: \textit{anything at all}   produces   1966: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes3" onclick="eqntext('textboxes3')" 1967: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textit{anything at all}" 1968: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     instead. </center> 1969: 1970: 1971: <h2> <a name="delimiters"> (IIIc) Delimiters   </a> </h2> 1972: 1973: <h3> <a name="parens">Parentheses and Braces 1974: (delimiters)...</a> </h3> 1975: 1976: LaTeX's \left( ... \right) and the other 21 1977: standard LaTeX delimiters are also recognized by mimeTeX. 1978: And mimeTeX also recognizes an etex-like \middle.   1979:  1988:  Several of the most common automatically sized delimiters 1994: are illustrated below... <center> 1995:  1996: <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1> 1997: <tr align=center> 1998:  1999: <td> Delimiter </td> 2000:  2001: <td> example... </td> 2002: <td> ...renders </td> 2003: </tr> 2004: <tr align=center> 2005: <td> \left( ... \right) </td> 2006:  2007: <td> \left( \frac1{1-x^2} \right)^2 </td> 2008: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens1" onclick="eqntext('parens1')" 2009: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left(\frac1{1-x^2}\right)^2" 2010: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2011: </tr> 2012: <tr align=center> 2013: <td> \left[ ... \right] </td> 2014:  2015: <td> \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n </td> 2016: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens2" onclick="eqntext('parens2')" 2017: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large 2018: \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n" 2019: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2020: </tr> 2021: <tr align=center> 2022: <td> \left\{ ... \right\} </td> 2023:  2024: <td> \left\{ 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots \right\} </td> 2025: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens3" onclick="eqntext('parens3')" 2026: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2027: \large\left\{1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots\right\}" 2028: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2029: </tr> 2030: <tr align=center> 2031: <td> \left\langle   ... 2032:         ...  \right\rangle </td> 2033:  2034: <td> \left\langle \varphi \middle| \hat H 2035:         \middle| \phi \right\rangle </td> 2036: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens4" onclick="eqntext('parens4')" 2037: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large 2038: \left\langle\varphi\middle|\hat H\middle|\phi\right\rangle" 2039: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2040: </tr> 2041: <tr align=center> 2042: <td> \left| ... \right| </td> 2043:  2044: <td> \left| \begin{matrix} a_1 & a_2 \\ 2045:       a_3 & a_4 \end{matrix} \right|</td> 2046: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens5" onclick="eqntext('parens5')" 2047: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2048: \left|\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2\\a_3&a_4\end{matrix}\right|" 2049: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2050: </tr> 2051: <tr align=center> 2052: <td> \left\| ... \right\| </td> 2053:  2054: <td> \left\|x^2-y^2\right\| </td> 2055: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens6" onclick="eqntext('parens6')" 2056: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\left\|x^2-y^2\right\|" 2057: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2058: </tr> 2059: <tr align=center> 2060: <td> \left\{ ...  2061: \right. </td> 2062:  2063: <td> y=\left\{ \text{this\\that} 2064: \right. </td> 2065: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens7" onclick="eqntext('parens7')" 2066: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2067: \large y=\left\{\text{this\\that}\right." 2068: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2069: </tr> 2070: <tr align=center> 2071: <td> \left. 2072:  ... \right\} </td> 2073:  2074: <td> \left. 2075: \text{this\\that} \right\}=y </td> 2076: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens8" onclick="eqntext('parens8')" 2077: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2078: \large\left.\text{this\\that}\right\}=y" 2079: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2080: </tr> 2081: </table> </center> 2082: Notes...  2083: <ol compact type=1> 2084:  2086: <li> <a href="#sizes">Size declarations</a> inside any of the 2087: above delimiter pairs affect only the enclosed subexpression, 2088: e.g., \Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z produces 2089: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9" onclick="eqntext('parens9')" 2090: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z" 2091: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> 2092: <li> An expression may contain as many etex-like \middle's as 2093: you like, and in mimeTeX the surrounding \left...\right 2094: isn't required. When omitted, the scope of \middle is 2095: either the entire expression or the   { }-enclosed 2096: subexpression in which the \middle's occur. For example,   2097: \frac{a+1}b \middle/ \middle(\frac{c+1}d \middle/ \frac{e+1}f\middle) 2098:   renders   2099: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2100: \frac{a+1}b\middle/\middle(\frac{c+1}d\middle/\frac{e+1}f\middle)" 2101: border=0 align=middle>. </li> 2102: <li> In the last two examples, note that mimeTeX recognizes the 2103:   \\   in   \text{this\\that}   2104: as a linebreak. For example, x=1\\y=2\\z=3 renders   2105: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9b" onclick="eqntext('parens9b')" 2106: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small x=1\\y=2\\z=3" 2107: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> 2108:  2113:  2120:  2132:  2136:  2142:  2149: </ol> 2150: 2151: Besides the \left...\right delimiters discussed above, 2152: mimeTeX also supports constructions like 2153: \left\int_a^b...\right. , which automatically 2154: sizes the \left\int to accommodate everything between it 2155: and its matching \right.   delimiter. 2156: The \right delimiter needn't necessarily be 2157: the \right.   illustrated, e.g., 2158: \left\int_a^b x^2dx =\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b 2159: produces 2160: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens11" onclick="eqntext('parens11')" 2161: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2162: \left\int_a^bx^2dx=\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b" border=0 alt="" 2163: align=middle></a>.  2167: You can also write \left\sum, \left\prod, 2168: \left\cup, etc, for many of the symbols in CMEX10. 2169: And any symbol that works with \left will also work 2170: with \right .  2174: 2175: Unescaped ( )'s and [ ]'s and | |'s 2176: and < >'s don't need to be balanced since mimeTeX just 2177: displays them like ordinary characters without any special significance. 2178: Ditto for the usual four \big( and \Big( and \bigg( 2179: and \Bigg(, and for their four right ) counterparts, which 2180: just display (...)'s at fixed larger sizes, and also have no 2181: special significance. All four big [ ]'s and 2182: < >'s and { }'s are also available 2183: as ordinary characters. 2184: 2185: As usual, unescaped {...}'s aren't displayed at all, 2186: must be balanced, and have the usual special LaTeX significance. 2187: MimeTeX interprets escaped \{...\}'s as abbreviations 2188: for \left\{...\right\} and therefore always sizes them to fit. 2189: If you need displayed but unsized {...}'s, write 2190: \lbrace...\rbrace or any of the four \big{...\big}'s. 2191: 2192: 2193: <h2> <a name="accents"> (IIId) Accents, Functions, Arrows, 2194: Raise and rotate, Compose, Abbreviations, etc.   </a> </h2> 2195: 2196: <h3> Accents... </h3> 2197: 2198: 2199: \vec{ } \hat{ } \bar{ } \tilde{ } \dot{ } 2200: \ddot{&nbsp}   and   \acute{ } \grave{ } 2201: \breve{ } \check{&nbsp} are the only accents currently 2202: supported. The first four are all "wide". For example, you can write 2203: \widehat{ } if you like, but there's absolutely no 2204: difference either way (and \bar{ } and 2205: \overline{ } are identical). The last four accents 2206: only take a single character argument. 2207: 2208: Other accent-like directives available in mimeTeX are   2209: \underline{ } \cancel{ } \sout{ },   2210: as well as   2211: \overset{ }{ }   \underset{ }{ }   2212: and the more ususal   2213: \overbrace{ }^{ }   \underbrace{ }_{ }. 2214:   And \not also works on the single character immediately 2215: following it. Some of these directives are discussed in more detail 2216: below. 2217: 2218: <h3> <a name="functions">Function names...</a> </h3> 2219: 2220: All 32 usual LaTeX function names \arccos,...,\tanh 2221: are recognized by mimeTeX and treated in the usual way. MimeTeX 2222: also recognizes \tr for the trace, and also \bmod 2223: and \pmod. And those functions that normally take "limits" 2224: also behave as expected, e.g., <center> 2225: \lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S   produces   2226: <a href="#preview"><img id="functions1" onclick="eqntext('functions1')" 2227: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S" 2228: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2229: 2230: <h3> <a name="arrows">long Arrows...</a> </h3> 2231: 2232: All mimeTeX \long and \Long arrows take an optional [width] argument 2233: that explicitly sets the arrow's width in pixels, scaled by 2234: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. For example, 2235: \longrightarrow[50] draws a 50-pixel wide arrow 2236: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows1" onclick="eqntext('arrows1')" 2237: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow[50]" alt="" border=0 2238: align=middle></a>, whereas just \longrightarrow calculates 2239: a default width 2240: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows2" onclick="eqntext('arrows2')" 2241: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow" alt="" border=0 2242: align=middle></a>, as usual. And, in addition to the usual 2243: right, left and leftright arrows, there are also \long (and \Long) up, 2244: down and updown arrows that take an optional [height] argument, also 2245: scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. 2246: 2247: In the event that you actually want to place an []-enclosed expression 2248: immediately following an "unsized" long arrow, just place a ~ or 2249: any white space after the arrow, e.g., f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1] 2250: produces 2251: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows3" onclick="eqntext('arrows3')" 2252: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]" 2253: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Without any intervening white space, 2254: mimeTeX would have "eaten" the [0,1]. 2255: 2256: Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long left/right arrows 2257: are displayed the same way <a href="#modes">\limits</a> displays them, 2258: e.g., <center> 2259: x\longrightarrow^gy   produces   2260: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows4" onclick="eqntext('arrows4')" 2261: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow^gy" 2262: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2263: x\longrightarrow[50]^gy   produces   2264: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows5" onclick="eqntext('arrows5')" 2265: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow[50]^gy" 2266: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2267: Subscripted long arrows can occasionally be useful, too, as in 2268: <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> above, e.g., <center> 2269: u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta v   produces   2270: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows6" onclick="eqntext('arrows6')" 2271: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta^{\,}v" 2272: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2273: To defeat this default behavior, e.g., \longrightarrow\nolimits^g 2274: displays super/subscripts in the usual way. 2275: 2276: Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long up/down arrows 2277: are treated correspondingly, i.e., superscripts are vertically 2278: centered to the arrow's left, and subscripts to its right. 2279: For example, <center> 2280: \longuparrow[30]^\gamma   produces   2281: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows7" onclick="eqntext('arrows7')" 2282: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longuparrow[30]^\gamma" 2283: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2284: \longdownarrow[30]_\gamma   produces       2285: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows8" onclick="eqntext('arrows8')" 2286: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma" 2287: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2288: whose occasional usefulness is also illustrated by 2289: <a href="#example11">Example 11</a>. And as before, to defeat 2290: this default behavior, e.g., \longuparrow\nolimits^\gamma 2291: displays super/subscripts in the usual way. 2292: 2293: <h3> <a name="raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ } and 2294: \rotatebox{ }{ }...</a> </h3> 2295: 2296: The \raisebox{height}{expression} 2297: and \rotatebox{angle}{expression} 2298: commands help you fine-tune and manipulate mimeTeX renderings. 2299: The height argument is number of pixels, scaled by 2300: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, and can be positive 2301: or negative. The angle argument is number of degrees, 2302: and can also be positive (for clockwise) or negative, but must be a 2303: multiple of 90. Finally, the expression can be any 2304: valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression. For example, mimeTeX's preprocessor 2305: defines the LaTeX ?` symbol, an upside-down question 2306: mark, like <center> 2307: abc\raisebox{-2}{\rotatebox{180}?}def   produces   2308: <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot1" onclick="eqntext('raiserot1')" 2309: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2310: \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\rotateb{180}{\LARGE?}}def" 2311: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2312: 2313: <h3> <a name="compose">\compose{ }{ }...</a></h3> 2314: 2315: 2316: \compose[offset]{base}{overlay} 2317: superimposes the overlay expression on top of the 2318: base expression, displaying the result. 2319: Optionally, the overlay is horizontally offset 2320: by the specified number of pixels (positive offsets to the right, 2321: negative to the left). For example, <center> 2322: \compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}   produces   2323: <a href="#preview"><img id="compose1" onclick="eqntext('compose1')" 2324: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}" 2325: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2326: 2327: Separately or in some judicious combination, \compose and 2328: \raisebox and \rotatebox should help you construct 2329: special symbols not "natively" available with mimeTeX's limited 2330: set of built-in font families. This can be especially useful 2331: in conjunction with the -DNEWCOMMANDS compile-time 2332: <a href="#options">option</a> discussed above. 2333: 2334: <h3> <a name="abbreviations">Abbreviations...</a> </h3> 2335: 2336: 2337: \ga displays \gamma, but just \g displays 2338: \gg (>>). That is, mimeTeX selects the 2339: shortest symbol or command which begins with whatever you type. 2340: This feature can help shorten an otherwise very long line, 2341: but it may be a bit dangerous. 2342: 2343: The mimeTeX <a href="#symbols">preprocessor</a>, briefly mentioned 2344: above, is responsible for recognizing several LaTeX symbols like 2345: \ldots and several commands like \atop . 2346: These symbols and commands cannot be abbreviated. The special 2347: html characters like &nbsp; are also recognized by 2348: the preprocessor and cannot be abbreviated. 2349: 2350: <h3> <a name="colors">Colors...</a> </h3> 2351: 2352: Rudimentary color commands are provided by mimeTeX. You can write 2353: \color{red} or \color{green} or\color{blue} 2354: (which may be abbreviated \red or \green or 2355: \blue) anywhere in an expression to render the entire 2356: expression in the specified color. That is, 2357: abc{\red def}ghi renders the entire expression red, 2358: not just the def part. Also, note that mimeTeX's "green" 2359: is actually color #00FF00, which the html standard more 2360: accurately calls "lime". For example, <center> 2361: \blue e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}   produces   2362: <a href="#preview"><img id="colors1" onclick="eqntext('colors1')" 2363: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2364: \Large\color{blue} e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 2365: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2366: 2367: <h3> <a name="smash">"Smash"...</a> </h3> 2368: 2369: TeX represents characters by boxes, with no idea how ink will be 2370: distributed inside. So an expression like 2371: \frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx is typically rendered as   2372: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash1" onclick="eqntext('smash1')" 2373: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2374: \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}" 2375: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2376: But mimeTeX knows the character shapes of its fonts, and therefore tries 2377: to remove extra whitespace, rendering the same expression as   2378: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash2" onclick="eqntext('smash2')" 2379: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2380: \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 2381: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. 2382: 2383: Precede any expression with the mimeTeX directive \nosmash 2384: to render it without "smashing". Or compile mimetex.c with the 2385: -DNOSMASH <a href="#options">option</a> if you prefer 2386: the typical TeX behavior as mimeTeX's default. In this case, 2387: precede any expression with \smash to render it "smashed". 2388: And note that explicit space like \hspace{10} 2389: or \; , etc, is never smashed. 2390: 2391: The scope of \smash and \nosmash is the 2392: { }-enclosed subexpression in which the directive occurs. 2393: For example, if you want the g(x) part of the 2394: preceding example smashed, but not the 1/2 part, 2395: then the expression 2396: \nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx} 2397: renders as   2398: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash3" onclick="eqntext('smash3')" 2399: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2400: \nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}}" 2401: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2402:  2409: 2410: For finer-grained control, note that \smash is shorthand 2411: for the default \smashmargin{+3} (and \nosmash is 2412: shorthand for \smashmargin{0}). \smashmargin's value 2413: is the minimum number of pixels between smashed symbols. The leading 2414: + is optional. If present, the font size (\tiny=0,...,\Huge=7) 2415: is added to the specified minimum. Compile mimetex.c with the 2416: -DSMASHMARGIN=n <a href="#options">option</a> to change 2417: the default from 3 to n. Compare the preceding 2418: example with the over-smashed \smashmargin{1}   2419: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash5" onclick="eqntext('smash5')" 2420: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2421: \smashmargin1\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 2422: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. 2423: 2424: Smashing is in "beta testing" and some expressions still don't look 2425: quite right when smashed, e.g., 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots renders as 2426: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash6" onclick="eqntext('smash6')" 2427: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots" 2428: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Just compile with -DNOSMASH 2429: if you come across numerous annoying situations. 2430: 2431: <h3> <a name="not">\not and \cancel and \sout...</a> </h3> 2432: 2433: The usual LaTeX   \not   "slashes" the single symbol 2434: following it, e.g.,   i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla 2435:   produces <a href="#preview"> 2436: <img id="not1" onclick="eqntext('not1')" 2437: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla" 2438: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2439: 2440: For arbitrary expressions, mimeTeX provides   \cancel   2441: which draws a line from the upper-right to lower-left corner of its 2442: argument, e.g.,   a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}   produces 2443:   <a href="#preview"><img id="not2" onclick="eqntext('not2')" 2444: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}" 2445: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. 2446: 2447: Finally, similar to the ulem.sty package,   \sout 2448:   draws a horizontal strikeout line through its argument, 2449: e.g.,   \sout{abcdefg}   produces <a href="#preview"> 2450: <img id="not3" onclick="eqntext('not3')" 2451: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout{abcdefg}" 2452: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX's \sout also 2453: takes an optional argument that adjusts the vertical position of its 2454: strikeout line by the specified number of pixels, e.g.,   2455: \sout[+2]{abcdefg} produces <a href="#preview"> 2456: <img id="not4" onclick="eqntext('not4')" 2457: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[+2]{abcdefg}" 2458: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and   2459: \sout[-2]{abcdefg} produces 2460: <a href="#preview"><img id="not5" onclick="eqntext('not5')" 2461: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[-2]{abcdefg}" 2462: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2463: 2464: 2465: <h2> <a name="array"> (IIIe) \begin{array}{lcr}...\end{array} Environment 2466:   </a> </h2> 2467: 2468: Rendering vectors and matrices, aligning equations, etc, is all done 2469: using the customary LaTeX environment   2470: \begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array} 2471:   which you can write in exactly that form. MimeTeX also 2472: recognizes the following array-like environments 2473: <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> 2474: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{array}{lcr} </td> 2475: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2476: <td align="left"> \end{array} </td> </tr> 2477: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{matrix} </td> 2478: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2479: <td align="left"> \end{matrix} </td> </tr> 2480: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{pmatrix} </td> 2481: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2482: <td align="left"> \end{pmatrix} </td> </tr> 2483: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{bmatrix} </td> 2484: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2485: <td align="left"> \end{bmatrix} </td> </tr> 2486: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{Bmatrix} </td> 2487: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2488: <td align="left"> \end{Bmatrix} </td> </tr> 2489: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{vmatrix} </td> 2490: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2491: <td align="left"> \end{vmatrix} </td> </tr> 2492: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{Vmatrix} </td> 2493: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2494: <td align="left"> \end{Vmatrix} </td> </tr> 2495: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{eqnarray} </td> 2496: <td align="center"> a&=&b \\ c&=&d \\ etc </td> 2497: <td align="left"> \end{eqnarray} </td> </tr> 2498: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{align} </td> 2499: <td align="center"> a&=b \\ c&=d \\ etc </td> 2500: <td align="left"> \end{align} </td> </tr> 2501: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{gather} </td> 2502: <td align="center"> a \\ b \\ etc </td> 2503: <td align="left"> \end{gather} </td> </tr> 2504: </table> </center> 2505: There's a built-in maximum of 64 columns and 64 rows. Nested 2506: array environments, e.g., 2507: \begin{pmatrix}a&\begin{matrix}1&2\\3&4\end{matrix}\\c&d\end{pmatrix}, 2508: are permitted. 2509: 2510: MimeTeX also provides the abbreviation   2511: \array{lcr$a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}   2512: which has exactly the same effect as   2513: \begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array}. 2514: And the lcr$ "preamble" in \array{lcr$etc} is optional. 2515: In that case,   \array{a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}   2516: has exactly the same effect as   2517: \begin{matrix} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{matrix}. 2518: You can also write $\array{etc}$ to "manually abbreviate" 2519: the pmatrix environment, or \array{rcl$etc} to abbreviate 2520: eqnarray, but mimeTeX has no explicit abbreviations for these 2521: other environments. For example, <center> 2522: \begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix} 2523:   produces   2524: <a href="#preview"><img id="array1" onclick="eqntext('array1')" 2525: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\ 2526: b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}" 2527: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2528: 2529: Solid \hline's (but not \cline's) and vertical l|c|r bars 2530: are available, as usual. For dashed lines and bars, 2531: \begin{array} provides the additional features \hdash 2532: and l.c.r . \hline and \hdash may not be 2533: abbreviated. For example, <center> 2534: \begin{array}{c.c|c} a_1&a_2&a_3 \\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3 2535: \\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3 \end{array}   produces 2536: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array22" onclick="eqntext('array22')" 2537: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{array}{c.c|c} 2538: a_1&a_2&a_3\\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3\\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3\end{array}" 2539: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> 2540: 2541: The default font size is unchanged by \array{ }, but you 2542: can explicitly control it in the usual way, e.g., 2543: {\Large\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}} renders the entire array 2544: in font size 4. In addition, any &...& cell may contain font 2545: size declarations which are always local to that cell, 2546: e.g., &\fs{-1}...& renders that one cell one font size smaller 2547: than current. 2548: 2549: The {lcr} in \begin{array}{lcr} sets left,center,right 2550: "horizontal justification" down columns of an array, 2551: as usual. And "vertical justification" across rows defaults 2552: to what we'll call baseline, i.e., aligned equations, 2553: as in <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above, display properly. 2554: But the down arrows (for   2555: <a href="#preview"><img id="array3" onclick="eqntext('array3')" 2556: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\gamma&\Large\downarr}" 2557: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and for   2558: <a href="#preview"><img id="array4" onclick="eqntext('array4')" 2559: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\Large\downarr&\beta}" 2560: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>) 2561: in <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> require 2562: "vertical centering" across the middle row of that 2563: array. So, in addition to lowercase lcr, mimeTeX's {lcr} 2564: in \begin{array}{lcr} may also contain uppercase BC to 2565: set "B"aseline or "C"enter vertical justification across 2566: the corresponding rows. For example, \begin{array}{rccclBCB} 2567: sets baseline justification for the first and third rows, and center 2568: justification for the second row. Without any BC's, 2569: all rows default to the usual B baseline justification. 2570: 2571: MimeTeX has no \arraycolsep or \arraystretch parameters. 2572: Instead, \begin{array}{lc25rB35C} sets the absolute width 2573: of the second column to 25 pixels, and the absolute height of the 2574: first row to 35 pixels, as illustrated by 2575: <a href="#example9">Example 9</a>. Any number following 2576: an lcrBC specification sets the width of that one column 2577: (for lcr), or the height of that one row (for BC). 2578: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2579: You can optionally precede the number with a + sign, 2580: which "propagates" that value forward to all subsequent columns for 2581: lcr, or all subsequent rows for BC. For example, 2582: \begin{array}{lc+25rB+35C} sets the absolute width of 2583: column 2 and all subsequent columns to 25 pixels, 2584: and the absolute height of row 1 and all subsequent rows 2585: to 35 pixels. After absolute sizing has been set, the special 2586: value 0 reverts to automatic sizing for that one row or 2587: column, and +0 reverts to automatic sizing for all subsequent 2588: rows or columns. For example, \begin{array}{c+25ccc+35ccc+0} 2589: sets the absolute widths of columns 1-3 to 25 pixels, 2590: columns 4-6 to 35 pixels, and then reverts to automatic 2591: sizing for columns 7 and all subsequent columns. 2592: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2593: The "propagation" introduced by + is local to the 2594: \begin{array} in which it occurs. So you have to repeat 2595: the same specifications if you want rows aligned across several 2596: arrays on the same line (or columns aligned on several lines 2597: separated by \\). Instead, a lowercase g globally 2598: copies your column specifications to all subsequent arrays, 2599: and an uppercase G globally copies your row specifications. 2600: And gG copies both column and row specifications. For example, 2601: \begin{array}{GC+25} sets the height of all rows in this 2602: array to 25 pixels, and ditto for all subsequent arrays to its right. 2603: Explicit specifications in subsequent arrays override previous global 2604: values. 2605: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2606: Click one of the following examples to see illustrations 2607: of the above discussion: <center> 2608: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array31" onclick="eqntext('array31')" 2609: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2610: \left( \begin{array}{GC+30} 2611: \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2\\ 2612: i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) 2613: \left( \begin{array} 2614: z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) 2615: \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 1}" 2616: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> 2617: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array32" onclick="eqntext('array32')" 2618: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2619: \left( \begin{array}{GC+30gc+40} 2620: \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2 \\ 2621: i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) 2622: \left( \begin{array} 2623: z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) 2624: \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 2}" 2625: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> 2626: 2627: See <a href="#example8">Examples 8-11</a> above for several 2628: additional \begin{array}{lcr} applications. 2629: 2630: 2631: <h2> <a name="picture"> (IIIf) \picture( ){ } "Environment", 2632: including \line( ){ } and \circle( )   </a> </h2> 2633: 2634: Besides \begin{array}{lcr}, mimeTeX also tries to emulate the 2635: familiar LaTeX picture environment with the somewhat similar 2636:           \picture(width[,height])  2637: { (loc1){pic_elem1} (loc2){pic_elem2} ... } 2638: as illustrated by <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above. 2639: Arguments surrounded by [ ]'s are optional. 2640: If the optional [,height] is omitted, then height=width 2641: is assumed. Locations (loc1) and (loc2) ... each 2642: denote either a \put(loc) or a \multiput(loc), 2643: and each location is of the form ([c]x,y[;xinc,yinc[;num]]). 2644: 2645: A \put(loc) is denoted by a location of the form ([c]x,y) 2646: where x,y denotes the coordinate where the lower-left corner 2647: of the subsequent picture_element will be placed, unless the letter 2648: c precedes the x-number, in which case cx,y 2649: denotes the center point instead. The very lower-left corner of the 2650: entire picture is always 0,0, and the upper-right corner is 2651: width-1,height-1. Note, for example, that you'd never want 2652: to specify location c0,0 since the picture_element would be 2653: mostly out-of-bounds (only its upper-right quadrant would be 2654: in-bounds). 2655: 2656: A \multiput(loc) starts like a \put(loc), but location 2657: [c]x,y is followed by ;xinc,yinc[;num] indicating the 2658: x,y-increments applied to each of num repetitions 2659: of picture_element. If ;num is omitted, repetitions continue 2660: until the picture_element goes out-of-bounds of the specified 2661: width[,height]. Note that x,y are always positive or 2662: zero, but xinc,yinc may be postive, zero or negative. 2663: 2664: The \picture(,){...} parameters width, height, x, y, xinc, 2665: yinc may be either integer or may contain a decimal point, 2666: and they're all scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. 2667: The num parameter must be integer. 2668: 2669: Picture_element's {pic_elem1} and {pic_elem2} ... 2670: may be any expressions recognized by mimeTeX, even including other 2671: \picture's nested to any level. 2672: 2673: <h3> <a name="circleline">\line( ){ } and 2674: \circle( )...</a> </h3> 2675: 2676: To help draw useful picture_element's, mimeTeX provides several 2677: drawing commands, \line(xinc,yinc)[{xlen}] and 2678: \circle(xdiam[,ydiam][;arc]). Although primarily intended 2679: for use in \picture's, you can use them in any mimeTeX 2680: expression, e.g.,   abc\circle(20)def   produces   2681: <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline1" onclick="eqntext('circleline1')" 2682: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large abc\circle(20)def" 2683: alt="" border="0" align="middle"></a>. 2684: 2685: Without its optional {xlen} parameter, the expression 2686: (x,y){\line(xinc,yinc)} draws a straight line from point 2687: x,y to point x+xinc,y+yinc. The inc's 2688: can be positive, zero or negative. Don't prefix location x,y 2689: with a leading c for \line's; the intended "corner" 2690: is determined by the signs of xinc and yinc. 2691: If given, the optional {xlen} parameter rescales the length 2692: of the line so its x-projection is xlen and its slope is 2693: unchanged. 2694: 2695: Without optional ,ydiam and ;arc, the expression 2696: (x,y){\circle(xdiam)} draws a circle of diameter xdiam 2697: centered at x,y. Don't prefix location x,y with a 2698: leading c for \circle's; centering is assumed. 2699: If ,ydiam is also given, then (x,y){\circle(xdiam,ydiam)} 2700: draws the ellipse inscribed in a rectangle of width xdiam 2701: and height ydiam centered at x,y. 2702:       Finally, ;arc specifies the arc to be 2703: drawn, in one of two ways. An ;arc argument given in the 2704: form ;1234 interprets each digit as a quadrant to be drawn, 2705: with 1 the upper-right quadrant and then proceeding 2706: counterclockwise, e.g., \circle(12;34) specifies the 2707: lower half of a circle whose diameter is twelve. 2708:       Alternatively, an ;arc argument given in 2709: the form 45,180 or -60,120 specifies the endpoints of 2710: the desired arc in degrees, with 0 the positive x-axis and 2711: then proceeding counterclockwise. The first number must always 2712: be smaller than the second (negative numbers are allowed), and the 2713: arc is drawn counterclockwise starting from the smaller number. 2714: 2715: Besides <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above, 2716: it's hard to resist illustrating 2717:       2718: \unitlength{.6}   \picture(100) { 2719:           2720: (50,50){\circle(99)} %%head%% 2721:           2722: (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} %%eyes%% 2723:           2724: (50,40){\bullet} %%nose%% 2725:           2726: (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} %%upper lip%% 2727:           2728: (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)} %%lower lip%%   } 2729: <center> 2730: <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline2" onclick="eqntext('circleline2')" 2731: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\unitlength{.6}\picture(100){ 2732: (50,50){\circle(99)} (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} (50,40){\bullet} 2733: (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}" 2734: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> Have a nice day!</center> 2735: 2736: 2737: <h2> <a name="commands"> (IIIg) Other mimeTeX Commands   </a> </h2> 2738: 2739: Various and sundry other LaTeX-like commands are also provided 2740: by mimeTeX. In addition to features explicitly discussed below, 2741: mimeTeX supports the usual sub_scripts and super^scripts, 2742: and most of the typical LaTeX commands, many already discussed 2743: above, including 2744: <ul> 2745: <li> \frac{ }{ } and { \over } </li> 2746: <li> { \atop } and { \choose } </li> 2747: <li> \sqrt{ } </li> 2748: <li> \lim_{ } and all the usual LaTeX function names </li> 2749: <li> \hat{ } and \widehat{ } 2750: and many of the usual LaTeX accents </li> 2751: <li> \overbrace{ }^{ } and 2752: \underbrace{ }_{ } </li> 2753: <li> \overline{ } and \underline{ } </li> 2754: </ul> 2755: All these typical commands should behave as they usually do 2756: in LaTeX, and won't be discussed further. Short discussions 2757: of some other commands follow. 2758: 2759: <h3> <a name="stackrel">\stackrel{ }{ } and 2760: \relstack{ }{ }...</a> </h3> 2761: 2762: 2763: \stackrel{ }{ } behaves as usual in LaTeX, 2764: rendering its first argument one font size smaller and centered above 2765: its second. And the amsmath-style \overset{ }{ } is 2766: identical. For example, <center> 2767: "\vec x\stackrel{\rm def}=(x_1\ldots x_n)" 2768:   produces   2769: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel1" onclick="eqntext('stackrel1')" 2770: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2771: \Large\vec x\,\stackrel{\small\rm def}= 2772: \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2773: 2774: "Conversely" to \stackrel{ }{ }, mimeTeX provides 2775: \relstack{ }{ }, which renders its second argument 2776: one font size smaller and centered below its first. 2777: And the amsmath-style \underset{ }{ } renders its 2778: first argument one font size smaller and centered below its second. 2779: For example, the \log function name doesn't treat 2780: limits like \lim_, but you can write, for example, <center> 2781: "\relstack{\log}{\rm base 2}32=5"   to render   2782: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel2" onclick="eqntext('stackrel2')" 2783: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2784: \Large\relstack\log{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5" 2785: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2786: 2787: MimeTeX's \limits provides an easier but non-standard 2788: alternative to achieve the same effect. For example, <center> 2789: "\vec x =\limits^{\rm def} (x_1\ldots x_n)" 2790:   produces   2791: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel3" onclick="eqntext('stackrel3')" 2792: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\vec x\,=\limits^{\small\rm def} 2793: \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2794: and   "\log\limits_{\rm base 2}32=5"   2795: produces   2796: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel4" onclick="eqntext('stackrel4')" 2797: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2798: \Large\log\limits_{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5" 2799: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2800: 2801: <h3> <a name="fbox">\fbox{ }...</a> </h3> 2802: 2803: In case html border attributes aren't suitable, mimeTeX provides 2804: the usual \fbox{expression} command, e.g., <center> 2805: "\fbox{x=\frac12}"   produces   2806: <a href="#preview"><img id="fbox1" onclick="eqntext('fbox1')" 2807: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\fbox{x=\frac12}" 2808: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2809: 2810: You can also write \fbox[width]{expression} 2811: to explicitly set the box's width, or you can write 2812: \fbox[width][height]{expression} 2813: to explicitly set both width and height. 2814: 2815: <h3> <a name="today">\today and \calendar...</a> </h3> 2816: 2817: \today   renders   2818: <a href="#preview"><img id="today1" onclick="eqntext('today1')" 2819: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\today" 2820: border=0 align=middle></a>   2821: in the usual LaTeX text mode way. 2822: That's \today's default format#1. MimeTeX has 2823: an optional format argument so that, for example,   2824: \blue\today[2]   renders   2825: <a href="#preview"><img id="today2" onclick="eqntext('today2')" 2826: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\today[2]" 2827: border=0 align=middle></a>,   2828: showing both date and time. And   2829: \red\today[3]   renders   2830: <a href="#preview"><img id="today3" onclick="eqntext('today3')" 2831: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\red\today[3]" 2832: border=0 align=bottom></a>, 2833:   showing time only. 2834: 2835: To accommodate time zones, you may also write, for example,   2836: \small\blue\today[2,+3],   which renders   2837: <a href="#preview"><img id="today4" onclick="eqntext('today4')" 2838: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\today[2,+3]" 2839: border=0 align=middle></a>,   2840: adding three hours to format#2. 2841: The arguments may be in either order. The time zone increment 2842: must always be preceded by either + or -, 2843: and must be in the range -23 to +23. 2844: 2845: \calendar   renders a calendar for 2846: the current month, as illustrated by the left-hand image below. 2847: For a different month, the optional argument &nbsp 2848: \small\blue\calendar[2001,9]   renders the right-hand 2849: image, for the requested year and month. Years must be 2850: 1973...2099 and months must be 1...12. 2851: <center> 2852: <a href="#preview"><img id="today5" onclick="eqntext('today5')" 2853: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\calendar" 2854: border=0 align=middle> </a>           2855: <a href="#preview"><img id="today6" onclick="eqntext('today6')" 2856: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\calendar[2001,9]" 2857: border=0 align=middle> </a> </center> 2858: 2859: The default calendar emphasizes the current day of the current month, 2860: while any other month emphasizes no day. Day emphasis is controlled 2861: by an optional third argument.   \calendar[0,0,1]   2862: emphasizes the first day of the current month, and 2863:   \calendar[2001,9,11]   emphasizes the eleventh 2864: day of that month.   \calendar[0,0,99]   2865: renders the current month with no day emphasized. 2866: 2867: <h3> <a name="input">\input{ }...</a> </h3> 2868: 2869: 2870: \input{filename} behaves just like the corresponding 2871: LaTeX command, reading the entire contents of filename 2872: into your expression at the point where the \input command 2873: occurs. By default, filename resides in the same 2874: directory as mimetex.cgi. Moreover, for security, absolute paths 2875: with leading /'s or \'s, and paths with ../'s 2876: or ..\'s, are not permitted. See the -DPATHPREFIX 2877: <a href="#options">compile option</a>, discussed above, 2878: if you want \input files in some other directory. 2879: In any case, if filename isn't found, then 2880: \input tries to read filename.tex instead. 2881: 2882: MimeTeX also supports the optional form 2883: \input{filename:tag}. In this case, 2884: filename is read as before, but only those characters 2885: between <tag>...</tag> are placed 2886: into your expression. This permits you to have one file containing 2887: many different <tag>'s, e.g., one file containing 2888: all the questions and/or answers to a homework assignment or a quiz, 2889: etc. 2890: 2891: <h3> <a name="counter">\counter[ ]{ } 2892: ...</a> </h3> 2893: 2894: The bottom-right corner of this page contains a page hit counter 2895: that's maintained using mimeTeX's 2896: \counter[logfile]{counterfile:tag} 2897: command. As with \input, described immediately above, 2898: both the required counterfile and the optional 2899: logfile are the names of files that reside in the 2900: same directory as your mimetex.cgi executable, unless you compiled 2901: mimetex with the -DPATHPREFIX 2902: <a href="#options">compile option</a>. Before using 2903: the \counter command, Unix "touch" and "chmod" those files 2904: so they're mimeTeX readable and writable. 2905: 2906: If counterfile isn't readable and writable, 2907: then the \counter command always displays 2908: 1st. Otherwise, it maintains a 2909: line in counterfile of the form 2910: <tag> value </tag> 2911: where value is initialized as 1_ if the 2912: specified <tag> line doesn't already exist, 2913: and then incremented on each subsequent call. That trailing 2914: underscore on the value in the file, e.g., 99_, tells 2915: mimeTeX to display 99th with an 2916: ordinal suffix. Edit the value in the file and remove the 2917: underscore if you don't want the ordinal suffix displayed. 2918: Finally, mimeTeX makes no effort to lock files or 2919: records (tags), so be careful using \counter 2920: if your hit rates are high enough so that frequent collisions 2921: are likely. 2922: 2923: The same counterfile can contain as many different 2924: <tag> lines as you like, so counters for 2925: all the pages on your site can be maintained in one file. 2926: MimeTeX also maintains a special <timestamp> tag 2927: in counterfile that logs the the date/time and 2928: name of the most recently updated tag. 2929: 2930: Somewhat more detailed log information can be accumulated in 2931: the optional logfile. If you provide that 2932: filename, mimeTeX writes a line to it of the form 2933: 2004-09-20:12:59:33pm <tag>=99 192.168.1.1 http_referer 2934: containing a timestamp, the counter tag and its current value, 2935: and the user's IP address and http_referer page if they're 2936: available. 2937: 2938: The page hit counter displayed at the bottom-right corner 2939: of this page is maintained by the command 2940: \counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}. 2941: After compiling and installing your 2942: own mimetex.cgi and your own copy of this page, that counter will 2943: continually show 1st's 2944: unless/until you "touch" and "chmod" counters.txt (and, optionally, 2945: counters.log) in your mimetex.cgi directory. 2946: 2947: 2948: <h2> <a name="exceptions"> (IIIh) Other Exceptions 2949: to LaTeX Syntax   </a> </h2> 2950: 2951: <h3> Binding Exceptions... </h3> 2952: 2953: MimeTeX's bindings are pretty much left-to-right. For example, 2954: although mimeTeX correctly interprets \frac12 as well as 2955: \frac{1}{2}, etc, the legal LaTeX expression x^\frac12 2956: must be written x^{\frac12}. Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets 2957: it as {x^\frac}12, i.e., the same way x^\alpha12 2958: would be interpreted, which is entirely wrong for \frac. 2959: The same requirement also applies to other combinations of commands, 2960: e.g., you must write \sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}, etc. 2961: 2962: 2963:  2966: <h1> <a name="appendices"> (IV) Appendices   </a> </h1> 2967: 2968: Programming information to help you modify mimeTeX's behavior, 2969: and to use its functionality in your own programs, is provided 2970: by these appendices. The currently available appendices discuss 2971: (a)how to modify or extend mimeTeX's fonts, (b)how to use 2972: mimeTeX's principal function, make_raster(), and (c)how to use 2973: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 2974: gifsave.c library. 2975: 2976: 2977: <h2> <a name="fonts"> (IVa)   mimeTeX Fonts   </a> </h2> 2978: 2979: The font information mimeTeX uses to render characters is 2980: derived from .gf font files (usually generated by metafont 2981: running against .mf files), which are then run through 2982: gftype -i and finally through my gfuntype program 2983: (supplied with your mimeTeX distribution). 2984: 2985: The final output from each such sequence of three runs 2986: (metafont > gftype -i > gfuntype) gives mimeTeX the 2987: bitmap information it needs to render one particular font 2988: family at one particular size. The file texfonts.h 2989: supplied with your mimeTeX distribution collects the output 2990: from 56 such (sequences of) runs, representing seven font 2991: families at eight sizes each. 2992: 2993: This collection of information in   texfonts.h   is 2994: "wired" into mimeTeX through tables maintained in mimetex.h. 2995: To change mimeTeX's fonts, you'll have to first modify (or totally 2996: replace) texfonts.h using your own gfuntype output, and then 2997: change mimetex.h to reflect your texfonts.h modifications. 2998: 2999: This appendix provides a brief description of the above 3000: process, though you'll probably need at least some previous 3001: C programming experience to confidently accomplish it. 3002: Your motivation might be to add more fonts to mimeTeX, 3003: to change the font sizes I chose, or to add more 3004: font sizes, etc. MimeTeX's design permits all this to be 3005: easily done once you understand the process. 3006: 3007: Running metafont to generate a .gf file from .mf 3008: source will usually be your very first step. A typical such run 3009: might be 3010:  <center> 3011: mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmmi10'</center> 3012: which in this case generates output file 3013: cmmi10.131gf (which is mimeTeX's font size 3 for the 3014: cmmi family). 3015: 3016: Given the cmmi10.131gf file from this metafont run 3017: (or substitute any other .gf file you like), next run 3018: <center>gftype -i cmmi10.131gf > typeout</center> 3019: where typeout can be any temporary 3020: filename you like. 3021: 3022: Finally, run gfuntype against the typeout file 3023: you just generated with the command 3024: <center>gfuntype -n cmmi131 typeout cmmi131.h</center> 3025: to generate the final output file cmmi131.h 3026: (or any filename you supply as the last arg). This 3027: contains the cmmi data in an array whose name is taken 3028: from the -n arg you supplied to gfuntype. 3029: 3030: The above sequence of three runs resulted in output file 3031: cmmi131.h, containing the font information mimeTeX needs 3032: for one font family (cmmi) at one font size (3). Repeat this 3033: sequence of three runs for each font size and each font family. 3034: Then pull all the output files into one big texfonts.h file 3035: (or write a small texfonts.h which just #include's them all). 3036: 3037: For your information, the 64 sequences of runs represented 3038: in the texfonts.h file supplied with your mimeTeX distribution 3039: correspond to the following eight inital metafont runs for cmr10 3040:  3047: <pre> size=0 (.83gf) mf '\mode=eighthre; input cmr10' 3048: 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-17.874274); input cmr10' 3049: 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.966458); input cmr10' 3050: 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmr10' 3051: 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-15.296391); input cmr10' 3052: 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-14.650373); input cmr10' 3053: 6 (.210gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-13.804885); input cmr10' 3054: 7 (.250gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-12.848589); input cmr10'</pre> 3055: 3056: Then ditto for the seven other font families cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, 3057: cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, stmary10. And to generate other 3058: .dpigf font sizes, calculate magsteps   3059: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\frac{\log(dpi/2602)}{\log1.2}" 3060: alt="" align=middle border=0>.   All the subsequent gftype and 3061: gfuntype runs just follow the standard format described above. 3062: 3063: To incorporate all this font information you just generated into 3064: mimeTeX, edit your mimetex.h file and find the table that looks 3065: something like <pre>static fontfamily aafonttable[] = { 3066: /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3067: family size=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 3068: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ 3069: { CMR10,{ cmr83, cmr100, cmr118, cmr131, cmr160, cmr180, cmr210, cmr250}}, 3070: { CMMI10,{ cmmi83, cmmi100, cmmi118, cmmi131, cmmi160, cmmi180, cmmi210, cmmi250}}, 3071: { CMMIB10,{ cmmib83, cmmib100, cmmib118, cmmib131, cmmib160, cmmib180, cmmib210, cmmib250}}, 3072: { CMSY10,{ cmsy83, cmsy100, cmsy118, cmsy131, cmsy160, cmsy180, cmsy210, cmsy250}}, 3073: { CMEX10,{ cmex83, cmex100, cmex118, cmex131, cmex160, cmex180, cmex210, cmex250}}, 3074: { RSFS10,{ rsfs83, rsfs100, rsfs118, rsfs131, rsfs160, rsfs180, rsfs210, rsfs250}}, 3075: { BBOLD10,{ bbold83, bbold100, bbold118, bbold131, bbold160, bbold180, bbold210, bbold250}}, 3076: {STMARY10,{stmary83,stmary100,stmary118,stmary131,stmary160,stmary180,stmary210,stmary250}}, 3077: { -999,{ NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL}} 3078: } ; /* --- end-of-fonttable[] --- */</pre> 3079: Note the 64 names cmr83...stmary250 in the table. These must 3080: correspond to (or must be changed to) the names following the -n 3081: switch you specified for your   gfuntype   runs. 3082: 3083: If you want more than eight font sizes, first build up texfonts.h 3084: with all the necessary information. Then change LARGESTSIZE (and 3085: probably NORMALSIZE) in mimetex.h, and finally edit the above aafonttable[] 3086: by extending the columns in each row up to your largest size. 3087: 3088: You can also add new rows by #define'ing a new family, 3089: and then adding a whole lot of character definitions at the bottom 3090: of mimetex.h, all in the obvious way (i.e., it should become obvious 3091: after reviewing mimetex.h). A new row would be required, 3092: for example, to make another font available in mimeTeX. 3093: 3094: One small problem with the above procedure is that the default 3095:   gftype   program supplied with most TeX distributions 3096: can't emit the long lines needed to display mimeTeX's larger font 3097: sizes. You'll need to compile your own version from source. 3098: The following instructions are for Unix/Linux:     3099:     First, download both 3100: <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web-7.5.3.tar.gz" 3101: target="_top">web-7.5.3.tar.gz</a> and 3102: <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz" 3103: target="_top">web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz</a>, 3104: or more recent versions. Then   untar   them both, 3105:   cd web2c-7.5.3/   and run   ./configure   3106: and   make   in the usual way (make may fail before 3107: completion if you don't have all needed fonts installed, 3108: but it will create and compile gftype.c before failing). Now edit 3109:   texk/web2c/gftype.c  and notice two lines very near the top 3110: that   #define maxrow (79) &nbsp and similarly for maxcol. 3111: Change both 79's to 1024, and then re-run make. The new   3112: texk/web2c/gftype   executable image can emit the long 3113: lines needed for mimeTeX's larger font sizes. 3114: 3115: Finally, the Unix/Linux bash shell script 3116: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/texfonts.sh" 3117: target="_top">texfonts.sh</a> generates file   texfonts.h   3118: containing the information for all 64 mimeTeX fonts discussed above 3119: (and, optionally, an extra 1200dpi cmr font used to test mimeTeX's 3120: supersampling algorithm). You'll need to understand and edit this 3121: script to use it meaningfully. But it helps automate mimeTeX's font 3122: generation procedure in case you want to experiment with different 3123: fonts. (Note that metafont emits a complaint while generating the 3124: 83dpi rsfs font. Just press <CR> and it completes 3125: successfully.) 3126: 3127: 3128: <h2> <a name="makeraster"> (IVb) mimeTeX's make_raster() 3129: function   </a> </h2> 3130: 3131: MimeTeX converts an input LaTeX math expression to a corresponding GIF 3132: image in two steps. First, it converts the input LaTeX expression to a 3133: corresponding bitmap raster. Then <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" 3134: target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> gifsave library, discussed 3135: <a href="#gifsave">below</a>, converts that bitmap to the emitted gif. 3136: Though you never explicitly see that bitmap, it's mimeTeX's principal 3137: result. MimeTeX is written so any program can easily use its 3138: expression-to-bitmap conversion capability with just a single line of code. 3139: The following complete program demonstrates the simplest such use. 3140: 3141: <pre> #include <stdio.h> 3142: #include "mimetex.h" 3143: int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) 3144: { 3145: raster *rp = make_raster(argv[1],NORMALSIZE); 3146: type_raster(rp,stdout); /* display ascii image of raster */ 3147: }</pre> 3148: 3149: Cut-and-paste the above sample code from this file to, say, 3150: mimedemo.c (and fix the brackets around stdio.h). Then compile 3151:         cc mimedemo.c mimetex.c -lm -o mimedemo 3152: and run it from your unix shell command line like 3153:         ./mimedemo   "x^2+y^2" 3154: 3155: MimeTeX's expression-to-bitmap conversion is accomplished by the 3156: make_raster() call, whose first argument is just a pointer to a 3157: (null-terminated) string containing any mimeTeX-compliant LaTeX 3158: expression, and whose second argument is the mimeTeX font size 3159: to use (overridden if your expression contains a preamble). 3160: The ascii display of the bitmap raster returned by make_raster() 3161: results from the subsequent call to type_raster(). That's all 3162: this program does, but you could use make_raster()'s returned bitmap 3163: for any other purpose you have in mind. 3164: 3165: MimeTeX's primary purpose is to emit either xbitmaps or gif images 3166: rather than ascii displays. And mimeTeX has anti-aliasing and various 3167: other options that further complicate its main() function compared to 3168: the simple example above. The example below demonstrates mimeTeX 3169: usage in the slightly more realistic situation where an input expression 3170: is converted to a gif, without anti-aliasing, and emitted on stdout. 3171: 3172: <pre> #include <stdio.h> 3173: #include <stdlib.h> 3174: #include "mimetex.h" 3175: 3176: /* --- global needed by callback function, below, for gifsave.c --- */ 3177: static raster *rp = NULL; /* 0/1 bitmap raster image */ 3178: 3179: /* --- callback function to return pixel value at col x, row y --- */ 3180: int GetPixel ( int x, int y ) /* pixel value will be 0 or 1 */ 3181: { return (int)getpixel(rp,y,x); } /* just use getpixel() macro */ 3182: 3183: /* --- main() entry point --- */ 3184: int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) 3185: { 3186: /* --- get LaTeX expression from either browser query or command-line --- */ 3187: char *query = getenv("QUERY_STRING"), /* check for query string */ 3188: *expression = (query!=NULL? query : /* input either from query */ 3189: (argc>1? argv[1] : "f(x)=x^2")); /* or from command line */ 3190: /* ---- mimeTeX converts expression to bitmap raster ---- */ 3191: rp = make_raster(expression,NORMALSIZE); /* mimeTeX rasterizes expression */ 3192: /* ---- convert returned bitmap raster to gif, and emit it on stdout ---- */ 3193: if ( query != NULL ) /* Content-type line for browser */ 3194: fprintf( stdout, "Content-type: image/gif\n\n" ); 3195: /* --- initialize gifsave library and colors, and set transparent bg --- */ 3196: GIF_Create(NULL, rp->width, rp->height, 2, 8); /* init for black/white */ 3197: GIF_SetColor(0, 255, 255, 255); /* always set background white */ 3198: GIF_SetColor(1, 0, 0, 0); /* and foreground black */ 3199: GIF_SetTransparent(0); /* and set transparent background */ 3200: /* --- finally, emit compressed gif image (to stdout) --- */ 3201: GIF_CompressImage(0, 0, -1, -1, GetPixel); 3202: GIF_Close(); 3203: }</pre> 3204: 3205: Cut-and-paste as before, compile like 3206:         cc mimedemo.c mimetex.c gifsave.c 3207: -lm -o mimedemo 3208: and run it like the first example, but this time you may want to redirect 3209: stdout 3210:         ./mimedemo   "x^2+y^2" 3211:   >   mimedemo.gif 3212: since output is now a gif image consisting of mostly unprintable bytes. 3213: Input is typically from the command line as illustrated, but this example 3214: checks for a browser query string too. That means you could actually 3215: replace mimetex.cgi with this executable, though anti-aliasing wouldn't 3216: be available. 3217: 3218: Of course, this example's intent isn't to replace the mimetex.cgi 3219: executable, but rather to illustrate GIFSAVE library usage, documented 3220: in detail below. And this example also illustrates usage of several 3221: mimeTeX raster structure elements, like rp->width and rp->height. 3222: So you'll probably also want to refer to mimetex.h, which contains those 3223: raster structures and other relevant definitions. For instance, the 3224: example's GetPixel() callback function illustrates usage of the getpixel() 3225: macro in mimetex.h, to retrieve individual pixels by their x,y-coordinates. 3226: And there's a similar setpixel() macro in mimetex.h to store pixels. 3227: After completing all this reading, you'll be prepared to begin using 3228: mimeTeX functions in your own code. 3229: 3230: 3231: 3232: <h2> <a name="gifsave"> 3233: (IVc)</a> <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 3234: gifsave.c library   </h2> 3235: 3236: The information below is taken from the README file accompanying 3237: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 3238: distribution of GIFSAVE. I've made a few small editorial modifications, 3239: including descriptions of the several minor changes necessary 3240: to support mimeTeX. And the mimeTeX example program immediately above 3241: uses GIFSAVE in a very straightforward way that should help clarify 3242: any questions which may remain after reading the documentation below. 3243: 3244: <pre> 3245: INTRODUCTION 3246: ============ 3247: 3248: The GIFSAVE functions make it possible to save GIF images from 3249: your own C programs. 3250: 3251: GIFSAVE creates simple GIF files following the GIF87a standard. 3252: Interlaced images cannot be created. There should only be 3253: one image per file. 3254: 3255: GIFSAVE consists of five functions, all returning type int, 3256: and no separate header file is required. 3257: 3258: The functions should be called in the order listed below 3259: for each GIF-file. One file must be closed before a new one 3260: can be created. 3261: 3262: GIF_Create() creates new GIF-files. It takes parameters 3263: specifying filename, screen size, number of colors, 3264: and color resolution. 3265: 3266: GIF_SetColor() sets up red, green, blue color components. 3267: It should be called once for each possible color. 3268: 3269: GIF_SetTransparent() is optional. If called, it sets the 3270: color number of the color that should be transparent, 3271: i.e., the background color shows through this one. 3272: 3273: GIF_CompressImage() performs the compression of the image. 3274: It accepts parameters describing the position and size 3275: of the image on screen, and a user defined callback 3276: function that is supposed to fetch the pixel values. 3277: 3278: GIF_Close() terminates and closes the file. 3279: 3280: To use these functions, you must also write a callback 3281: function that returns the pixel values for each point 3282: in the image. 3283: 3284: 3285: THE FUNCTIONS 3286: ============= 3287: 3288: GIF_Create() 3289: ------------ 3290: Function Creates a new GIF-file, and stores info on 3291: the screen. 3292: 3293: Syntax int GIF_Create( 3294: char *filename, 3295: int width, int height, 3296: int numcolors, int colorres 3297: ); 3298: 3299: Remarks Creates a new (or overwrites an existing) 3300: GIF-file with the given filename. No 3301: .GIF-extension is added. 3302: 3303: If filename is passed as a NULL pointer, 3304: output is directed to stdout. 3305: 3306: The width- and height- parameters specify 3307: the size of the image in pixels. 3308: 3309: numcolors is the number of colors used in 3310: the image. 3311: 3312: colorres is number of bits used to encode a 3313: primary color (red, green or blue). 3314: In GIF-files, colors are built by combining 3315: given amounts of each primary color. 3316: On VGA-cards, each color is built by 3317: combining red, green and blue values in 3318: the range [0, 63]. Encoding the number 63 3319: would require 6 bits, so colorres would be 3320: set to 6. 3321: 3322: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3323: GIF_ERRCREATE - Error creating file 3324: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3325: GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory 3326: 3327: 3328: GIF_SetColor() 3329: -------------- 3330: Function Specifies the primary color component of a 3331: color used in the image. 3332: 3333: Syntax void GIF_SetColor( 3334: int colornum, 3335: int red, int green, int blue 3336: ); 3337: 3338: Remarks This function updates the colortable-values 3339: for color number colornum in the image. 3340: 3341: Should be called for each color in the range 3342: [0, numcolors] 3343: 3344: with red, green and blue components in the 3345: range [0, (2^colorres)-1] 3346: 3347: colorres and colornum are values previousely 3348: given to the function GIF_Create(). 3349: 3350: Return value None 3351: 3352: 3353: GIF_SetTransparent() 3354: -------------------- 3355: Function Specifies the color number of the color 3356: that should be considered transparent. 3357: 3358: Syntax void GIF_SetTransparent( 3359: int colornum 3360: ); 3361: 3362: Remarks Need not be called at all. But if called, 3363: should be called only once with colornum in 3364: the range [0, numcolors] i.e., colornum 3365: must be one of the values previously 3366: given to GIF_SetColor(). 3367: 3368: Return value None 3369: 3370: 3371: GIF_CompressImage() 3372: ------------------- 3373: Function Compresses an image and stores it in the 3374: current file. 3375: 3376: Syntax int GIF_CompressImage( 3377: int left, int top, 3378: int width, int height, 3379: int (*getpixel)(int x, int y) 3380: ); 3381: 3382: Remarks The left- and top- parameters indicate the 3383: image offset from the upper left corner of 3384: the screen. They also give the start values 3385: for calls to the userdefined callback 3386: function. 3387: 3388: width and height give the size of the image. 3389: A value of -1 indicates the equivalent screen 3390: size given in the call to GIF_Create(). 3391: 3392: If the image is supposed to cover the entire 3393: screen, values 0, 0, -1, -1 should be given. 3394: 3395: GIF_CompressImage() obtains the pixel values 3396: by calling a user specified function. This 3397: function is passed in the parameter getpixel. 3398: See "callback()" further down for a 3399: description of this function. 3400: 3401: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3402: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3403: GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory 3404: 3405: 3406: GIF_Close() 3407: ----------- 3408: Function Closes the GIF-file. 3409: 3410: Syntax int GIF_Close(void); 3411: 3412: Remarks This function writes a terminating descriptor 3413: to the file, and then closes it. Also frees 3414: memory used by the other functions of GIFSAVE. 3415: 3416: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3417: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3418: 3419: 3420: THE CALLBACK FUNCTION 3421: ===================== 3422: 3423: callback() 3424: ---------- 3425: Function Obtains pixel-values for the 3426: GIF_CompressImage() -function. 3427: 3428: Syntax int callback(int x, int y); 3429: 3430: Remarks This function must be written by the 3431: programmer. It should accept two integer 3432: parameters specifying a point in the image, 3433: and return the pixel value at this point. 3434: 3435: The ranges for these parameters are as 3436: follows 3437: x : [img_left, img_left + img_width - 1] 3438: y : [img_top, img_top + img_height - 1] 3439: 3440: where img_left, img_top, img_width and 3441: img_height are the values left, top, width 3442: and height passed to GIF_CompressImage(). 3443: 3444: An example; if the screen has width 640 and 3445: height 350, and the image covers the entire 3446: screen, x will be in the range [0, 639] 3447: and y in the range [0, 349]. 3448: 3449: callback() need not get its values from the 3450: screen. The values can be fetched from a 3451: memory array, they can be calculated for 3452: each point requested, etc. 3453: 3454: The function is passed as a parameter to 3455: GIF_CompressImage(), and can thus have any 3456: name, not only callback(). 3457: 3458: Return value Pixel value at the point requested. Should 3459: be in the range [0, numcolors-1] where 3460: numcolors is as specified to GIF_Create(). 3461: </pre> 3462: 3463: 3464: 3465:  3468: <h1 id="remarks"> Concluding Remarks   </h1> 3469: 3470: I hope you find mimeTeX useful. If so, a contribution to your 3471: country's <a href="http://www.tug.org" target="_top">TeX Users Group</a>, 3472: or to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> project, is 3473: suggested, especially if you're a company that's currently profitable. 3474: 3475:  3483: 3484:  3487: <hr size=4> 3488: <table> <tr> 3489: <td> 3490: Copyright © 2002-2005, 3491: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> 3492: 3493: email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> 3494: </td> 3495: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{100}" alt="" border=0> </td> 3496: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue{\small\rm You're the } 3497: \Large\counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}\\[0] 3498: {\small\rm visitor to this page." alt="" border=0 align=bottom> </td> 3499: </tr> </table> 3500: </body> 3501: </html> 3502: