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Mon Feb 28 19:08:11 2005 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by albertel
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CVS tags: version_2_1_X, version_2_1_3, version_2_1_2, version_2_1_1, version_2_1_0, version_2_0_X, version_2_0_99_1, version_2_0_2, version_2_0_1, version_2_0_0, version_1_99_3, version_1_99_2, version_1_99_1_tmcc, version_1_99_1, version_1_99_0_tmcc, version_1_99_0, HEAD

- adding tex->image convertor (mimeTeX)

1:  21: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 22: "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 23:  24: 25:  28: <html> 29: <head> 30: <title> mimeTeX user's manual </title> 31: <meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> 32: <style type="text/css"> 33: body { background-image: none; /* none; or url(); */ 34: /*background-repeat: repeat-y;*/ 35: /*background-attachment: fixed;*/ /* fixed; or scroll; */ 36: background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; 37: margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.1em; 38: font-size: large; /* or medium */ 39: clear: both } 40: A:active { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 41: A:link { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 42: A:visited { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 43: A:hover { color: red/*#FF0000*/; text-decoration: underline 44: /*font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;*/ 45: /*font-size: normal; line-height: normal*/ } 46: h1 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; 47: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 48: font-size: xx-large; 49: padding-top: 2.0em; 50: letter-spacing: 0.25em } 51: h2 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; 52: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 53: font-size: x-large; 54: padding-top: 1.0em; 55: letter-spacing: 0.20em } 56: h3 { color: maroon; /*black; text-decoration: underline;*/ 57: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 58: font-size: large; 59: margin-left: 1em; 60: padding-top: 0.5em; 61: letter-spacing: 0.15em } 62: center { padding-top: -0.1em; padding-bottom: -0.1em; } 63: table { font-size: large } 64: table.medium { font-size: medium } 65: dl { font-size: large; 66: margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em } 67: ol { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em } 68: ul { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em; 69: list-style-type: square } 70: ul ul { margin-left: -0.5em; margin-right: 3.5em; 71: list-style-type: disc } 72: pre { margin-left: 3.0em; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold } 73: p { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em } 74: p:first-letter 75: { font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; 76: color: maroon } 77: p.continue { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em; 78: padding-top: -0.1em } 79: p.continue:first-letter 80: { font-size: large; font-weight: normal; 81: color: black } 82: p.warning { color: red } /* defines p class=warning */ 83: </style> 84: <script type="text/javascript"> 85:  100: </script> 101: </head> 102: <body> 103: 104:  107: 108: <hr size=4> 109: <center> 110: <table cellspacing=10> 111: <tr> 112: <td align="center"> 113: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr1" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr1')" 114: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+\frac{a_2} 115: {b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 116: <td align="center" valign="middle"> 117: <center> 118: m i m e T e X   m a n u a l 119: ( for mimeTeX version 1.60 ) 120: Click for:  121:  123: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> 124: LaTeX tutorial</a> 125: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html" target="_top"> 126: mimeTeX QuickStart</a> 127:  128: <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"> 129: download mimeTeX</a> 130: </center> </td> 131: <td align="center"> 132: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr2" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr2')" 133: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} 134: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" 135: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 136: <a href="#examples">more_examples...</a> </td> 137: </tr> 138: </table> 139: </center> 140: <hr size=4> 141: <center> 142: Copyright © 2002-2005, 143: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> 144: email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> 145: </center> 146: 147: 148:  151: 152: <center> 153:       C o n t e n t s       154: 155: <table cellspacing=0 class="medium"> 156: <tr> 157: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 158: - - - T u t o r i a l - - - </td> 159: <td valign="top" align="center" colspan=3 width=450> 160: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R e f e r e n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</td> 161: </tr> 162: <tr> 163: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 164: <a href="#introduction">  (I) Introduction  </a> 165: <a href="#quickstart"> a. Quick Start </a> 166: <a href="#examples"> b. Examples </a> 167: <a href="#gpl"> c. GPL License </a> </td> 168: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 169: <a href="#build">  (II) Building mimeTeX  </a> 170: <a href="#download"> a. Download </a> 171: <a href="#compile"> b. Compile </a> 172: <a href="#install"> c. Install </a> 173: <a href="#options"> d. Compile Options </a> 174: <a href="#cmdline"> e. Command Line </a> </td> 175: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 176: <a href="#reference">  (III) Syntax Reference  </a> 177: <a href="#spaces"> a. Math & White Space </a> 178: <a href="#symbols"> b. Symbols, Sizes, Modes </a> 179: <a href="#delimiters"> c. Delimiters </a> 180: <a href="#accents"> d. Accents, Arrows, etc. </a> 181: <a href="#array"> e. \begin{array} </a> 182: <a href="#picture"> f. \picture( ){ } </a> 183: <a href="#commands"> g. Other Commands </a> 184: <a href="#exceptions"> h. Other Exceptions </a> </td> 185: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 186: <a href="#appendices">    (IV) Appendices    </a> 187: <a href="#fonts"> a. Fonts </a> 188: <a href="#makeraster"> b. make_raster() </a> 189: <a href="#gifsave"> c. gifsave.c </a> 190: <a href="#remarks">   Remarks   </a> </td> 191: </tr> 192: </table></center> 193: 194: 195:  198: <h1> <a name="introduction">(I) Introduction</a>   </h1> 199: 200: MimeTeX, licensed under the 201: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">gpl</a>, 202: lets you easily embed LaTeX math in your html pages. 203: It parses a LaTeX math expression and immediately emits the 204: corresponding gif image, rather than the usual TeX dvi. 205: And mimeTeX is an entirely separate little program that doesn't use 206: TeX or its fonts in any way. It's just one cgi that you put in your 207: site's cgi-bin/ directory, with no other dependencies. So mimeTeX 208: is very easy to <a href="#quickbuild">install</a>. And it's equally 209: easy to use. Just place an html <img> tag in your document 210: wherever you want to see the corresponding LaTeX expression. 211: For example, 212: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 213: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> immediately 214: generates the corresponding gif image on-the-fly, displaying 215: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI1" onclick="eqntext('imageI1')" 216: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 217: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> wherever you put that <img&gt tag. 218: MimeTeX doesn't need intermediate dvi-to-gif conversion, and it doesn't 219: store separate gif files for each converted expression. 220: There's also no inherent need to repeatedly write the cumbersome 221: <img> tag illustrated above. You can write your own custom 222: tags, or write a wrapper script around mimeTeX to simplify the 223: notation. For example, 224: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWiki" target="_top"> 225: PmWiki</a> already has a 226: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" target="_top"> 227: mimeTeX plugin</a> that let's you just write 228: {$ f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt $} 229: to obtain the same image. 230: 231: MimeTeX's benefit over similar math-on-the-web solutions is, as 232: mentioned above, its easy installation. But if that's not a 233: problem for you, and if your site's server already has a LaTeX 234: distribution installed, and suitable image conversion utilities like 235: <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org" target="_top">ImageMagick</a>, 236: then you may prefer to look at a math rendering script like 237: <a href="http://www.mayer.dial.pipex.com/tex.htm#latexrender" 238: target="_top">latexrender</a> 239: which uses LaTeX to create higher quality images than mimeTeX 240: produces. For comparison, 241: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI2" onclick="eqntext('imageI2')" 242: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 243: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, with arbitrary mean 244: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI3" onclick="eqntext('imageI3')" 245: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\mu" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 246: and standard deviation 247: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI4" onclick="eqntext('imageI4')" 248: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sigma" alt="" border=0 249: align=middle></a>, and at mimeTeX's next larger font size, looks like 250: <center> 251: <table> 252: <tr align="center"> 253: <td> mimeTeX </td> 254: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}" 255: alt="" border=0> </td> 256: <td> latexrender </td> 257: </tr> 258: <tr align="center"> 259: <td> 260: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI5" onclick="eqntext('imageI5')" 261: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 262: f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}} 263: \int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{\small-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt" 264: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 265: <td>   </td> 266: <td> <img src="http://www.forkosh.com/lrender.gif" 267: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </td> 268: </tr> 269: </table> 270: </center> 271: Similar LaTeX-based solutions that you may want to look at are 272: <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/textogif/textogif.html" 273: target="_top">textogif</a> and 274: <a href="http://www.math.uio.no/~martingu/gladtex/" 275: target="_top">gladTeX</a>. Additional discussion and several more 276: links are at <a href="http://www.tug.org/interest.html#web" 277: target="_top">www.tug.org/interest.html</a> and in the 278: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=LaTeX2HTML" 279: target="_top">tex-faq</a>. 280: 281: The remainder of this introductory mimeTeX tutorial section contains 282: <ul> 283: <li> First, a concise <a href="#quickstart">Quickstart</a> providing 284: just enough information for you to try rendering your own 285: expressions by <a href="#preview">Submitting Queries</a> 286: right from this page. </li> 287: <li> Then, a variety of additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a> 288: that more fully illustrate mimeTeX's capabilities 289: (later on, Section III comprises a more complete mimeTeX 290: <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a>). </li> 291: <li> Finally, the <a href="#gpl">gpl</a> license, whose terms 292: and conditions you must agree to before using mimeTeX.</li> 293: </ul> 294: You may now want to browse the additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a> 295: below before proceeding, to make sure mimeTeX suits your needs before you 296: invest more time learning to use it. 297: 298: 299:  302: <h2> <a name="quickstart"> (Ia) Quick Start   </a> </h2> 303: 304:  MimeTeX is as TeX-like as possible (though 305: not 100% compliant), and you must already be familiar with LaTeX 306: math markup to use it. If you're not, many online LaTeX 307: <a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html#doc" target="_top">turorials</a> 308: are readily available. You may also want to browse Andrew Roberts' 309: <a href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/andyr/misc/latex/latextutorial9.html" 310: target="_top">Latex Math I</a> and 311: <a href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/andyr/misc/latex/latextutorial10.html" 312: target="_top">Latex Math II</a>, or my own 313: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> 314: LaTeX math tutorial</a>. 315: Then, instead of continuing to read this page, you may prefer to 316: play with mimeTeX yourself. In that case, just Submit any LaTeX 317: math expression you like in the Query Box below. I've started 318: you out with a little example already in the box, or, instead, 319: you can Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> below 320: to place that corresponding expression in the Query Box. 321: 322: Meanwhile, here are just a few quickstart tips for Submitting 323: your own mimeTeX expressions in the Query Box below: 324: <ul> 325: <li> MimeTeX currently has six font sizes selected by 326: one of the usual declarations 327: \tiny or \small or \normalsize (default), 328: or \large or \Large or \LARGE . 329: For example,   \Large \sqrt{x^2+y^2}   330: renders   \sqrt{x^2+y^2}   two sizes above 331: \normalsize. </li> 332:  344: <li>   353:  359: By default, mimeTeX renders limits textstyle   360: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB1" onclick="eqntext('imageB1')" 361: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textstyle 362: \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 363:   at sizes \normalsize and smaller, 364: and renders them displaystyle   365: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB2" onclick="eqntext('imageB2')" 366: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 367: \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 368:   at sizes \large and larger. 369: The LaTeX directives \displaystyle or \textstyle, 370: and \limits or \nolimits, override mimeTeX's default 371: in the usual way. Or see the -DDISPLAYSIZE=n 372: <a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change 373: the default. </li> 374: </ul> 375: <a name="forminput"> </a> <a name="preview"> </a> 376: Now enter your own expression, use the sample provided, 377: or Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a>. 378: Then press the Submit button, and mimeTeX's rendering should be 379: displayed in the little window immediately below it. 380: <center> 381: <table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> 382: <tr align="center"><td> 383: <form name="expression" action="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi" 384: method="get" target="inlineframe"> 385: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"> 386: <tr align="left"><td> 387:  390: <textarea name="formdata" rows="5" cols="72" 391: >\Large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</textarea> 392: </td></tr> 393: <tr align="center"><td> 394: <input type="button" onClick="cleartext()" 395: value="Clear Expression">     396:   <input type="submit" value="Submit Expression"> 397: </td></tr> 398: </table> 399: </form> 400: <iframe name="inlineframe" align="middle" width="85%" height="110"> 401: iframe's not supported if you see this. 402: </iframe> 403: </td></tr> 404: </table> 405: </center> 406: You should see   407: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA3" onclick="eqntext('imageIA3')" 408: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt" 409: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> if you submit the sample expression 410: already in the box. 411: 412: And the <img> tag to embed this same integral anywhere 413: in your own document is 414: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 415: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> 416: 417: You can see numerous additional examples illustrating html 418: <img> tags using mimeTeX by viewing this page's source. 419: The typical mimeTeX <img> tag has the form 420: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression" 421: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> 422: where ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi is the relative path from your html 423: page containing these tags to your compiled mimetex.cgi program, and 424: where any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression 425: is pretty much any valid LaTeX math expression: <ul> 426: <li> As discussed in the <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>, 427: you can replace cumbersome <img> tags with your own custom 428: tags or wrapper scripts. </li> 429: <li> And there are occasional exceptions where I couldn't program 430: mimeTeX to precisely mimic all valid LaTeX syntax. 431: One particular "gotcha" to be aware of is that mimeTeX bindings 432: are pretty much left-to-right. Thus, for example, although 433: mimeTeX correctly interprets \frac12 as well as 434: \frac1{x^2}, etc, the legal LaTeX expression 435: x^\frac12 must be written x^{\frac12}. 436: Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets it as {x^\frac}12, i.e., 437: the same way x^\alpha12 would be interpreted, which is 438: nonsense for \frac. The same "gotcha" also applies to 439: other combinations of commands, e.g., you must write 440: \sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}, etc. 441: The <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a> section 442: contains much additional information. Or you can just begin 443: playing with mimeTeX for yourself to see if it might have 444: any potential usefulness for you. </li> 445: <li> Besides the occasional exceptions discussed above, mimeTeX 446: also provides various LaTeX extensions, i.e., LaTeX errors 447: permitted by mimetex. For example, font size changing 448: directives like \Large are permitted within mimeTeX 449: math mode expressions. But note well: if you take 450: advantage of mimeTeX extensions, your math mode expressions 451: will no longer be accepted by standard TeX engines. </li> </ul> 452: 453: 454:  457: <h2> <a name="examples"> (Ib) Examples   </a> </h2> 458: 459: Here are various additional random examples further demonstrating 460: mimeTeX's features and usage. To see how they're done, Click any 461: one of them to place its corresponding expression in the 462: <a href="#preview">Query Box</a> above. Then press Submit 463: to re-render it, or you can edit the expression first to suit 464: your own purposes. 465: 466: <table cellspacing=15> 467:  469: <tr> 470: <td> 471: <a name="example1">(1)</a>     </td> 472: <td align="left" colspan=4> 473: <a href="#preview"> 474: <img id="example1a" onclick="eqntext('example1a')" 475: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\red\small\displaystyle 476: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 477: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 478: <a href="#preview"> 479: <img id="example1b" onclick="eqntext('example1b')" 480: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\green\normalsize\displaystyle 481: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 482: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 483: <a href="#preview"> 484: <img id="example1c" onclick="eqntext('example1c')" 485: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue\large 486: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 487: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 488: <a href="#preview"> 489: <img id="example1d" onclick="eqntext('example1d')" 490: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\reverse\opaque\light 491: \Large e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 492: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 493: <a href="#preview"> 494: <img id="example1e" onclick="eqntext('example1e')" 495: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large 496: e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac xn\right)^n" 497: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 498: </td> 499: </tr> 500: 501:  503: <tr> 504: <td> 505: (2) </td> 506: <td align="left" colspan=4> 507: <a href="#preview"> 508: <img id="example2" onclick="eqntext('example2')" 509: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\frac{dv^m}{ds}=-\Gamma^m_{oo}v^{o^2} 510: =-g^{mn}\Gamma_{noo}v^{o^2}=\frac12g^{mn}g_{oo,n}v^{o^2}" 511: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 512: </tr> 513: 514:  516: <tr> 517: <td> 518: (3) </td> 519: <td align="left" colspan=4> 520: <a href="#preview"> 521: <img id="example3" onclick="eqntext('example3')" 522: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\varepsilon=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 523: \frac1{\Delta x}\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\left\{\frac1{\Delta x}\big[ 524: (x_{i+1}-x)y_i^\ast+(x-x_i)y_{i+1}^\ast\big]-f(x)\right\}^2dx" 525: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 526: </tr> 527: 528:  530: <tr> 531: <td> 532: (4) </td> 533: <td align="left" colspan=4> 534: <table> 535: <tr> 536: <td align="left"> 537: <a href="#preview"> 538: <img id="example4a" onclick="eqntext('example4a')" 539: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" 540: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 541: <td> 542: solution for quadratic </td> 543: </tr> 544: <tr> <td> </td> </tr> 545: <tr> 546: <td align="left"> 547: <a href="#preview"> 548: <img id="example4b" onclick="eqntext('example4b')" 549: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f^\prime(x)\ = 550: \lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}" 551: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 552: <td> 553: definition of derivative </td> 554: </tr> 555: </table> </td> 556: </tr> 557: 558:  560: <tr> 561: <td> 562: (5) </td> 563: <td align="left"> 564: <a href="#preview"> 565: <img id="example5" onclick="eqntext('example5')" 566: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+ 567: \frac{a_2}{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" 568: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 569: <td> 570: illustrating \frac{}{} for continued fraction </td> 571: </tr> 572: 573:  575: <tr> 576: <td> 577: (6) </td> 578: <td align="left"> 579: <a href="#preview"> 580: <img id="example6" onclick="eqntext('example6')" 581: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\tilde y=\left\{ 582: {\ddot x\text{ if x odd}\atop\hat{\,\bar x+1}\text{ if even}}\right." 583: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 584: <td> 585: illustrating \left\{...\right. 586:  587: and note the accents </td> 588: </tr> 589: 590:  592: <tr> 593: <td> 594: (7) </td> 595: <td align="center"> 596: <a href="#preview"> 597: <img id="example7" onclick="eqntext('example7')" 598: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\overbrace{a,...,a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, 599: \underbrace{b,...,b}_{\text{l b^,s}}\hspace{10} 600: \normalsize\underbrace{\overbrace{a...a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, 601: \overbrace{b...b}^{\text{l b^,s}}}_{\text{k+l elements}}" 602: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 603: <td> 604: \overbrace{}^{} and \underbrace{}_{} 605: (TeXbook page 181, Exercise 18.41) </td> 606: </tr> 607: 608:  610: <tr> 611: <td> 612: (8) </td> 613: <td align="left" colspan=4> 614: <table> 615: <tr> 616: <td align="left" colspan=2> 617: <a href="#preview"> 618: <img id="example8a" onclick="eqntext('example8a')" 619: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{i0}=+\frac i2 620: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_i&0\\0&-\sigma_i\end{array}\right] 621: \hspace{10}\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} 622: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" 623: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </a> </td> 624: </tr> 625: <tr> <td> </td> </tr> 626: <tr> 627: <td align="left"> 628: <a href="#preview"> 629: <img id="example8b" onclick="eqntext('example8b')" 630: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large A\ =\ \large\left( 631: \begin{array}{c.ccc}&1&2&3\\\hdash1&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\ 632: 2&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\3&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\end{array}\right)" 633: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 634: <td> 635: demonstrating <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a>'s dashed lines </td> 636: </tr> 637: </table> </td> 638: </tr> 639: 640:  642: <tr> 643: <td> 644: <a name="example9">(9)</a> </td> 645: <td align="left" colspan="2"> 646: <a href="#preview"> 647: <img id="example9c" onclick="eqntext('example9c')" 648: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 649: \left(\large\begin{array}{GC+23} 650: \varepsilon_x\\\varepsilon_y\\\varepsilon_z\\\gamma_{xy}\\ 651: \gamma_{xz}\\\gamma_{yz}\end{array}\right)\ {\Large=} 652: \ \left[\begin{array}{CC} 653: \begin{array}\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}x}} 654: &-\frac{\nu_{xy}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}} 655: &-\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}xz}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}}\\ 656: -\frac{\nu_{yx}}{E_y}&\frac1{E_{y}}&-\frac{\nu_{yz}}{E_y}\\ 657: -\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}zx}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}}& 658: -\frac{\nu_{zy}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}} 659: &\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}z}}\end{array} & {\LARGE 0} \\ 660: {\LARGE 0} & \begin{array}\frac1{G_{xy}}&&\\ 661: &\frac1{G_{\fs{+1}xz}}&\\&&\frac1{G_{yz}}\end{array} 662: \end{array}\right] 663: \ \left(\large\begin{array} 664: \sigma_x\\\sigma_y\\\sigma_z\\\tau_{xy}\\\tau_{xz}\\\tau_{yz} 665: \end{array}\right)" 666: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 667: <td align="left"> 668: Block diagonal form using nested \begin{array}'s. 669: Also, note rows aligned across all three arrays. 670: </td> 671: </tr> 672: 673:  675: <tr> 676: <td> 677: (10) </td> 678: <td align="center"> 679: <a href="#preview"> 680: <img id="example10" onclick="eqntext('example10')" 681: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left.\begin{eqnarray} 682: x+y+z&=&3\\2y&=&x+z\\2x+y&=&z\end{eqnarray}\right\}" 683: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 684: <td> 685: using <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> to align equations </td> 686: </tr> 687: 688:  691: <tr> 692: <td> 693: (11) </td> 694: <td align="center"> 695: <a href="#preview"> 696: <img id="example11" onclick="eqntext('example11')" 697: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\begin{array}{rccclBCB} 698: &f&\longrightarrow[75]^{\alpha:{\normalsize f\rightarrow g}}&g\\ 699: \large\gamma&\longdownarrow[50]&&\longdownarrow[50]&\large\gamma\\ 700: &u&\longrightarrow[75]_\beta&v\end{array}" 701: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 702: <td> 703: commutative diagram using <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a> </td> 704: </tr> 705: 706:  708: <tr> 709: <td> 710: (12) </td> 711: <td align="left"> 712: <a href="#preview"> 713: <img id="example12" onclick="eqntext('example12')" 714: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\hspace{5}\unitlength{1} 715: \picture(175,100){ (50,50){\circle(100)} 716: (1,50){\overbrace{\line(46)}^{4$\;\;a}} 717: (52,50){\line(125)} (50,52;115;2){\mid} (52,55){\longleftar[60]} 718: (130,56){\longrightar[35]} (116,58){r} (c85,50;80;2){\bullet} 719: (c85,36){\large-q} (c165,36){\large q} 720: (42,30){\underbrace{\line(32)}_{\small a^2/r\;\;\;}} }" 721: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 722: <td valign="middle"> 723: mimeTeX <a href="#picture">\picture(size){pic_elems}</a> 724: "environment", illustrating the image charge - q 725: for a grounded conducting sphere of radius a with 726: a charge q at distance r > a outside it. </td> 727: </tr> 728: 729:  731: <tr> 732: <td> 733: (13) </td> 734: <td align="left"> 735: <a href="#preview"> 736: <img id="example13" onclick="eqntext('example13')" 737: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\hspace{10}\unitlength{.75} 738: \picture(120,220){ (60,200){\circle(120,40)} (0,20){\line(0,180)} 739: (5,189;0,-30){\pict(110,20){(c20,10;70;2){ 740: \pict(40,20){(20,10){\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}} } } 741: (119,20){\line(0,180)} (60,20){\circle(120,40;34)}}" 742: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 743: <td valign="middle"> <a href="#picture">\picture</a> "environment" 744: illustrating the surface polarization charge induced by a uniform 745: electric field. Inside the slab of material, the volume polarization 746: charge clearly vanishes. The little 747: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\unitlength{.75} \pict(40,20){(20,10) 748: {\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 749: dipole image is drawn only once, then multiput across two columns, and 750: then that result is further multiput down the rows. MimeTeX \picture's 751: can be used as picture elements in other pictures, nested to any level. 752: The image at left is picture-in-picture-in-picture. </td> 753: </tr> 754: </table> 755: 756: 757:  759: Finally, illustrated below are some examples of fonts and symbols 760: available with mimeTeX. All symbols and sizes from cmr, cmmi. cmsy, 761: cmex and rsfs should be available, but they're not all shown. 762: Mathbb symbols are also available but not shown. 763: And also not shown are various "constructed symbols" like \sqrt, 764: accents, etc. The illustrated font sizes are numbered 4=\Large, 765: 3=\large and 2=\normalsize (not shown are 5=\LARGE, 1=\small and 766: 0=\tiny). 767: 768: <h3>cmmi latin uppercase, and lowercase</h3> 769: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 770: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$A&4$B&4$C&4$D,&4$a&4$b&4$c&4$d\\ 771: 2$\rm~3:~&3$E&3$F&3$G&3$H&3$I&3$J&3$K&3$L,&3$e&3$f&3$g&3$h&3$i&3$j&3$k&3$l\\ 772: 2$\rm~2:~&2$M&2$N&2$O&2$P&2$Q&2$R&2$S&2$T&2$U&2$V&2$W&2$X&2$Y&2$Z,& 773: 2$m&2$n&2$o&2$p&2$q&2$r&2$s&2$t&2$u&2$v&2$w&2$x&2$y&2$z}" 774: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 775: 776: <h3>calligraphic, and rsfs (\cal{A}, \scr{B}, etc)</h3> 777: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 778: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\calA&4$\calB&4$\calC&4$\calD&4$\calE&4$\calF&4$\calG,& 779: 4$\scrA&4$\scrB&4$\scrC&4$\scrD&4$\scrE&4$\scrF&4$\scrG\\ 780: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\calH&3$\calI&3$\calJ&3$\calK&3$\calL&3$\calM&3$\calN&3$\calO& 781: 3$\calP,& 782: 3$\scrH&3$\scrI&3$\scrJ&3$\scrK&3$\scrL&3$\scrM&3$\scrN&3$\scrO&3$\scrP\\ 783: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\calQ&2$\calR&2$\calS&2$\calT&2$\calU& 784: 2$\calV&2$\calW&2$\calX&2$\calY&2$\calZ,& 785: 2$\scrQ&2$\scrR&2$\scrS&2$\scrT&2$\scrU&2$\scrV&2$\scrW& 786: 2$\scrX&2$\scrY&2$\scrZ}" 787: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 788: 789: <h3>cmmi greek uppercase, and \var lowercase</h3> 790: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 791: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\Gamma&4$\Delta&4$\Theta&4$\Lambda&4$\Xi&4$\Pi&4$\Sigma& 792: 4$\Upsilon&4$\Phi&4$\Psi&4$\Omega,&4$\rm~~&4$\varepsilon&4$\vartheta&4$\varpi& 793: 4$\varrho&4$\varsigma&4$\varphi\\ 794: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\Gamma&3$\Delta&3$\Theta&3$\Lambda&3$\Xi&3$\Pi&3$\Sigma& 795: 3$\Upsilon&3$\Phi&3$\Psi&3$\Omega,&~&3$\varepsilon&3$\vartheta&3$\varpi& 796: 3$\varrho&3$\varsigma&3$\varphi\\ 797: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\Gamma&2$\Delta&2$\Theta&2$\Lambda&2$\Xi&2$\Pi&2$\Sigma& 798: 2$\Upsilon&2$\Phi&2$\Psi&2$\Omega,&~&2$\varepsilon&2$\vartheta&2$\varpi& 799: 2$\varrho&2$\varsigma&2$\varphi}" 800: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 801: 802: <h3>cmmi greek lowercase</h3> 803: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 804: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\alpha&4$\beta&4$\gamma&4$\delta&4$\epsilon&4$\zeta& 805: 4$\eta&4$\theta&4$\iota&4$\kappa&4$\lambda&4$\mu&4$\nu&4$\xi&4$%%\omicron%%& 806: 4$\pi&4$\rho&4$\sigma&4$\tau&4$\upsilon&4$\phi&4$\chi&4$\psi&4$\omega\\ 807: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\alpha&3$\beta&3$\gamma&3$\delta&3$\epsilon&3$\zeta& 808: 3$\eta&3$\theta&3$\iota&3$\kappa&3$\lambda&3$\mu&3$\nu&3$\xi&3$%%\omicron%%& 809: 3$\pi&3$\rho&3$\sigma&3$\tau&3$\upsilon&3$\phi&3$\chi&3$\psi&3$\omega\\ 810: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\alpha&2$\beta&2$\gamma&2$\delta&2$\epsilon&2$\zeta& 811: 2$\eta&2$\theta&2$\iota&2$\kappa&2$\lambda&2$\mu&2$\nu&2$\xi&2$%%\omicron%%& 812: 2$\pi&2$\rho&2$\sigma&2$\tau&2$\upsilon&2$\phi&2$\chi&2$\psi&2$\omega}" 813: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 814: 815: <h3>cmsy symbols at mimeTeX font size 3</h3> 816: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{3,r$1$\rm~chars~\\ 817: 1$\rm~0-15:~&-&\cdot&\times&\ast&\div&\diamond&\pm&\mp& 818: \oplus&\ominus&\otimes&\oslash&\odot&\bigcirc&\circ&\bullet\\ 819: 1$\rm~16-31:~&\asymp&\equiv&\subseteq&\supseteq&\leq&\geq&\preceq&\succeq& 820: \sim&\approx&\subset&\supset&\ll&\gg&\prec&\succ\\ 821: 1$\rm~32-47:~&\leftar&\rightar&\uparr&\downar&\leftrightar&\near&\sear& 822: \simeq&\Leftar&\Rightar&\Upar&\Downar&\Leftrightar&\nwar&\swar&\propto\\ 823: 1$\rm~48-63:~&\prime&\infty&\in&\ni&\triangle&\bigtriangledo&/&\'& 824: \forall&\exists&\neg&\emptyset&\Re&\Im&\top&\bot\\ 825: 1$\rm~64-100:~&\aleph&&\calA&4$.\,.\,.&\calZ&&\cup&\cap& 826: \uplus&\wedge&\vee&\vdash&\dashv&\lfloor&\rfloor&\lceil\\ 827: 1$\rm~101-116:~&\rceil&\lbrace&\rbrace&\langle&\rangle&\mid&\parallel& 828: \updownar&\Updownar&\setminus&\wr&\surd&\amalg&\nabla&\int&\sqcup\\ 829: 1$\rm~117-127:~&\sqcap&\sqsubseteq&\sqsupseteq&\S&\dag&\ddag&\P&\clubsuit& 830: \Diamond&\Heart&\spadesuit}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 831: 832: <h3>a few other cmmi and cmr symbols at mimeTeX font size 4</h3> 833: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{4,r$ 834: 1$\rm~cmmi:~&\leftharpoonup&\leftharpoondo&\rightharpoonup&\rightharpoondo& 835: \triangleright&\triangleleft&\star&\partial& 836: \flat&\natural&\sharp&\smile&\frown&\ell&\imath&\jmath&\wp&\vec\\ 837: 1$\rm~cmr:~&\ss&\ae&\oe&\AE&\OE}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 838: 839: 840:  843: <h2> <a name="gpl"> (Ic) GPL License   </a> </h2> 844: 845: 846: &quotMy grandfather once told me there are two kinds of people: 847: &nbsp &nbsp Those who do the work and those who take the credit. 848: &nbsp &nbsp He told me to try to be in the first group; there was much 849: less competition.&quot 850: Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister of India 851: 852: MimeTeX's copyright is registered by me with the US Copyright Office, 853: and I hereby license it to you under the terms and conditions of the 854: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>. 855: There is no official support of any kind whatsoever, 856: and you use mimeTeX entirely at your own risk, with no guarantee 857: of any kind, in particular with no warranty of merchantability. 858: 859: By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood 860: and agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you  possess the legal right and ability to enter 862: into this agreement and to use mimeTeX in accordance with it. 863: 864: Hopefully, the law and ethics regarding computer programs will 865: evolve to make this kind of obnoxious banter unnecessary. 866: In the meantime, please forgive me my paranoia. 867: 868: To protect your own intellectual property, I recommend 869: <a href="http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ1.html" 870: target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The Library of Congress, and 871: similarly, <a href="http://www.abanet.org/intelprop/comm106/106copy.html" 872: target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The American Bar Association. 873: Very briefly, download 874: <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/forms/formtxi.pdf">Form TX</a> 875: and follow the included instructions. 876: In principle, you automatically own the copyright 877: to anything you write the moment it's on paper. In practice, 878: if the matter comes under dispute, the courts look _very_ favorably 879: on you for demonstrating your intent by registering the copyright. 880: 881: 882: 883:  886: <h1> <a name="build"> (II) Building mimeTeX   </a> </h1> 887: 888:  889: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> 890: <tr><td><center><hr size="2">Very quickly   ---   download 891:  892: <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"> 893: mimetex.zip</a> and then type 894: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> 895: <tr align="left"> 896: <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{50}" alt="" border=0></td> 897: <td>unzip mimetex.zip 898: cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</td> 899: </tr></table> 900:       Now mv mimetex.cgi to your cgi-bin/ 901: directory, and you're all done.       902: Read the rest of this section for more detailed 903: information.<hr size="2"></center></td> 904: <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{150}" alt="" border=0></td> 905: </tr></table> 906:  907: 908: I've built and run mimeTeX under Linux and NetBSD using gcc. The source 909: code is ansi-standard C, and should compile and execute under all 910: environments without any change whatsoever. Build instructions below 911: are for Unix. Modify them as necessary for your particular situation 912: (note the -DWINDOWS switch if applicable). 913: 914: A summary of the steps needed to build mimeTeX is 915: <ul> 916: <li> Download and unzip 917:  918: <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"> 919: mimetex.zip</a> in any convenient working directory. </li> 920: <li> To compile an executable that emits anti-aliased gif images 921: (which is how the page you're viewing is displayed) 922:   cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 923: <li> or, to emit gif images without anti-aliasing 924:   cc -DGIF mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 925: <li> Alternatively, to compile an executable that emits mime xbitmaps 926:   cc -DXBITMAP mimetex.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 927: <li> Compile Notes: <ul> 928: <li> If (and only if) you're compiling a Windows executable with 929: the -DAA or -DGIF option (but not -DXBITMAP), then 930: add -DWINDOWS . For example, 931:         cc -DAA -DWINDOWS 932: mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 933: The above Unix-like syntax works with 934: <a href="http://www.mingw.org" target="_top">MinGW</a> and 935: <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/" target="_top">djgpp</a> 936: Windows compilers, but probably not with most others, 937: where it's only intended as a "template". </li> 938:  941: </ul> </li> 942: </ul> 943: And a summary of the steps needed to install mimeTeX is 944: <ul> 945: <li> Just   mv mimetex.cgi   to your server's cgi-bin/ 946: directory, set permissions as necessary, and you're all done. </li> 947: <li> Now, to quickly test your mimetex.cgi, try typing a url into 948: your browser's locator window something like   949: http://www.yourdomain.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2 950:   which should display   951: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 952: align=middle>   in the upper-left corner of your window. </li> 953: <li> After the preceding test succeeds, you can optionally 954: "regression test" all mimeTeX features as follows:<ul> 955: <li> mv mimetex.html (this file) to your server's htdocs/ 956: directory </li> 957: <li> If the relative path from htdocs to cgi-bin isn't 958: ../cgi-bin then edit mimetex.html and change the 959: few dozen occurrences as necessary (globally changing 960: ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi should work). </li> 961: <li> Now visit your page   962: http://www.yourdomain.com/mimetex.html </li> 963: <li> Once mimetex.html displays properly, you can assume 964: everything is working, and can begin authoring html documents 965: using mimetex.cgi to render your own math. </li> </ul> 966: </ul> 967: Any problems with the above? 968: Read the more detailed instructions below. 969: 970: 971: <h2> <a name="download"> (IIa) Download   </a> </h2> 972: 973: Download 974:  975: <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"> 976: mimetex.zip</a> and unzip it in any convenient working directory. 977: Your working directory should now contain <center> 978: <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> 979: <tr><td width=100>README</td> <td>mimeTeX release notes</td></tr> 980: <tr><td>LICENSE</td> <td>GPL license, under which you may use 981: mimeTeX</td></tr> 982: <tr><td>mimetex.c</td> <td>mimeTeX source program and all required 983: functions</td></tr> 984: <tr><td>mimetex.h</td> <td>header file for mimetex.c (and for 985: gfuntype.c)</td></tr> 986: <tr><td>gfuntype.c</td> <td>parses output from gftype -i 987: and writes bitmap data</td></tr> 988: <tr><td>texfonts.h</td> <td>output from several gfuntype runs, 989: needed by mimetex.c</td></tr> 990: <tr><td>gifsave.c</td> <td>gif library by Sverre H. Huseby 991: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com"> 992: http://shh.thathost.com</a></td></tr> 993: <tr><td>mimetex.html</td> <td>this file, mimeTeX tutorial and 994: user's manual</td></tr> 995: </table></center> 996: Note: all files use Unix line termination, i.e., linefeeds 997: (without carriage returns) signal line endings. Conversion for 998: Windows PC's, Macs, VMS, etc, can usually be accomplished by 999: unzip's -a option, i.e., unzip -a mimetex.zip 1000: 1001: 1002: <h2> <a name="compile"> (IIb) Compile   </a> </h2> 1003: 1004: To compile a mimeTeX executable that emits anti-aliased gif images 1005: (which is recommended for most uses) issue the command 1006: <center>cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 1007: </center> 1008: 1009: Or, for an executable that emits gif images without anti-aliasing, 1010: issue the command 1011: <center>cc -DGIF mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 1012: </center> 1013: 1014: Alternatively, to compile a mimeTeX executable that emits 1015: mime xbitmaps, just issue the command 1016: <center>cc -DXBITMAP mimetex.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 1017: </center> 1018: 1019: Compile Notes: <ul> 1020: <li> If (and only if) you're compiling a Windows executable with 1021: the -DAA or -DGIF option (but not -DXBITMAP), then 1022: add -DWINDOWS . For example, 1023:         cc -DAA -DWINDOWS 1024: mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 1025: The above Unix-like syntax works with 1026: <a href="http://www.mingw.org" target="_top">MinGW</a> and 1027: <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/" target="_top">djgpp</a> 1028: Windows compilers, but probably not with most others, 1029: where it's only intended as a "template". 1030:     Explanation: mimeTeX writes gif bytes directly to 1031: stdout, as usual for cgi's. But Windows treats 1032: stdout as a character stream, interpreting any hex 0A byte 1033: as an <lf>, and automatically preceding it with 1034: a spurious hex 0D   <cr> byte. The -DWINDOWS switch 1035: compiles in a non-portable, Windows-specific _setmode() 1036: call that sets stdout to binary mode. </li> 1037: </ul> 1038: 1039: Several other optional compile-line <a href="#options">options</a> 1040: available for mimetex.c are discussed below. 1041: 1042: The gfuntype program is only needed if you plan to change the 1043: font information in texfonts.h, as explained in 1044: <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below. 1045: In that case, compile gfuntype with the command 1046: <center>cc gfuntype.c mimetex.c -lm -o gfuntype</center> 1047: 1048: That's all there is to building mimeTeX. You can now test your 1049: mimetex.cgi executable from the Unix command line by typing, e.g., 1050: ./mimetex.cgi "x^2+y^2" which should emit two ascii 1051: rasters something like the following <pre> 1052: Ascii dump of bitmap image... Hex dump of colormap indexes... 1053: ...........**....................**... ..........1**1...................1**1.. 1054: ..........*..*......*...........*..*.. ..........*23*......*............*23*.. 1055: .............*......*..............*.. .............*......*...............*.. 1056: ....****.....*......*.....*..*.....*.. ...1****....2*......*.....2*..*....2*.. 1057: ...*.*.*....*.......*....**..*....*... ...*.*.*...1*.......*.....**..*...1*... 1058: .....*.....*.*..********..*..*...*.*.. ....1*1...2*.*..********..3*..*..2*.*.. 1059: .....*....****......*.....*..*..****.. ....2*2...****......*......*12*..****.. 1060: ..*.*.*.............*.....*.*......... ..*.*.*.............*......*.*2........ 1061: ...****.............*.....***......... ..1****.............*......***......... 1062: ....................*.......*......... ....................*........*......... 1063: .........................*.*.......... ..........................*.*1......... 1064: .........................**........... ..........................**1.......... 1065: The 5 colormap indexes denote rgb vals... 1066: .-->255 1-->196 2-->186 3-->177 *-->0</pre> 1067: (The right-hand illustration shows asterisks 1068: in the same positions as the left-hand one, along with anti-aliased 1069: grayscale colormap indexes assigned to neighboring pixels, and with 1070: the rgb value for each index.) Just typing ./mimetex.cgi 1071: without an argument should produce ascii rasters for the default 1072: expression f(x)=x^2. If you see the two ascii rasters then your 1073: binary's good, so mv it to your server's cgi-bin/ directory and 1074: set permissions as necessary. 1075: 1076: <h2> <a name="install"> (IIc) Install   </a> </h2> 1077: 1078: Once mimetex.cgi is working, mv it to your server's cgi-bin/ 1079: directory (wherever cgi programs are expected), and chmod/chown it 1080: if necessary. Then mv mimetex.html to your server's htdocs/ 1081: directory. Now point your browser to www.yourdomain.com/mimetex.html , 1082: and you should see a page identical to this one. 1083: 1084: Note: the two directories are typically of the form 1085: somewhere/www/cgi-bin/ and somewhere/www/htdocs/ , so I set up 1086: mimtex.html to get mimetex.cgi from the relative path ../cgi-bin/. 1087: If your directories are non-conforming, you may have to edit the 1088: few dozen occurrences of ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi in mimetex.html . 1089: Sometimes a suitable symlink works; if not, you'll have to edit. 1090: Globally changing ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi often works. 1091: 1092: Either way, once mimetex.html displays properly, you can assume 1093: everything is working, and can begin authoring html documents using 1094: mimetex.cgi to render your own math. 1095: 1096: 1097: <h2> <a name="options"> (IId) Additional Compile-Line Options   </a></h2> 1098: 1099: In addition to -DAA or -DGIF or -DXBITMAP (along with -DWINDOWS 1100: when necessary) on the mimetex.c compile line, as discussed above, 1101: you may also optionally include the following -D switches, 1102: whose functionality is discussed below. 1103: <dl> 1104: <dt> -DAA </dt> 1105: <dd> As already discussed, -DAA turns on anti-aliasing. 1106: It also sets default values for individual anti-aliasing 1107: parameters discussed below. If you specify -DAA 1108: then you needn't specify the individual parameters unless 1109: you want to override the defaults. 1110:       Anti-aliasing can't be applied to mime 1111: xbitmaps, so don't specify -DAA if you also specify -DXBITMAP. 1112:       And mimeTeX's anti-aliasing only works 1113: well on white (or light gray) backgrounds. Your html file 1114: probably contains a <body> tag of the form 1115: <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> 1116: which specifies black text on a pure white background. 1117: The background can be grayed down to maybe bgcolor="#e7e7e7", 1118: but much darker will begin to show white rings around 1119: mimeTeX's anti-aliased characters. This page is displayed 1120: using bgcolor="#ffffff". </dd> 1121: <dt> -DCENTERWT=n 1122: -DADJACENTWT=j 1123: -DCORNERWT=k </dt> 1124: <dd> MimeTeX currently provides a lowpass filtering 1125: algorithm for anti-aliasing, which is applied to the 1126: existing set of bitmap fonts. This lowpass filter applies 1127: weights <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1128: \tiny\begin{pmatrix}1&3&1\\3&\,32\,&3\\1&3&1\end{pmatrix}" 1129: alt="" border=0 align=middle> to neighboring pixels. The defaults 1130: weights are CENTERWT=32, ADJACENTWT=3 and CORNERWT=1, 1131: which you can adjust to control anti-aliasing. </dd> 1132: <dt> -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\" </dt> 1133: <dd> This option saves each rendered image to a file in directory 1134: path/, which mimeTeX reads rather than 1135: re-rendering the same image every time it's given 1136: the same LaTeX expression. Sometimes mimeTeX disables caching, 1137: e.g., expressions containing \input{ } are 1138: re-rendered since the contents of the inputted file may have 1139: changed. If compiled without -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\" 1140: mimeTeX always re-renders expressions. This usually isn't too 1141: cpu intensive, but if you have unusually high hit rates then 1142: image caching may be helpful. The path/ 1143: is relative to mimetex.cgi, and must be writable by it. 1144: Files created under path/ are named 1145: filename.gif, where filename 1146: is the 32-character MD5 hash of the LaTeX expression. 1147:       When caching a new image, mimeTeX also 1148: updates the file path/mimetex.log containing 1149: a timestamp, filename and LaTeX expression for each new file 1150: created. A sample entry looks like 1151: <pre>--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1152: 2004-08-07:09:00:53am f8ccc8dd93c8eeb1d9c40b353ef781e0.gif 1153: \LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} 1154: ---------------------------------------------------------------------</pre></dd> 1155: <dt>-DDISPLAYSIZE=n </dt> 1156: <dd> By default, operator limits like \int_a^b are rendered 1157: \textstyle <a href="#preview"> 1158: <img id="displaysize1" onclick="eqntext('displaysize1')" 1159: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\int_a^b" 1160: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \normalsize 1161: and smaller, and rendered \displaystyle <a href="#preview"> 1162: <img id="displaysize2" onclick="eqntext('displaysize2')" 1163: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" 1164: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \large and 1165: larger. This default corresponds to -DDISPLAYSIZE=3, 1166: which you can adjust; e.g., -DDISPLAYSIZE=0 always defaults 1167: to \displaystyle, and 99 (or any large number) 1168: always defaults to \textstyle. Note that explicit 1169: \textstyle, \displaystyle, \limits or 1170: \nolimits directives in an expression always override 1171: the DISPLAYSIZE default. </dd> 1172: <dt>-DNEWCOMMANDS=newcommands.h </dt> 1173: <dd> LaTeX-like \newcommand's are available in mimeTeX, 1174: via the following facility to help you define your 1175: own "new commands" during compilation. Edit a file named 1176: newcommands.h (or any filename you specify with the 1177: -DNEWCOMMANDS switch). For newcommands _without_ 1178: arguments, your file should contain one or more lines 1179: like the following examples: 1180: <pre>{ "\\iint", NULL, "{\\int\\int}" }, 1181: { "\\rightleftharpoons",NULL,"{\\rightharpoonup\\atop\\leftharpoondown}" }, 1182: { "\\ldots", NULL, "{\\Large.\\hspace1.\\hspace1.}" }, 1183: { "\\cr", NULL, "\\\\" }, 1184: { "\\neq", NULL, "{\\not=}" },</pre> 1185: For newcommands _without_ arguments, as illustrated above, 1186: the general form of each line in your file should be   1187: { "\\command", NULL, "{replacement}" }, 1188:     Don't forget a comma at the end of every line, 1189: and write a double backslash \\ 1190: between quotes "...\\..." wherever you actually 1191: want a single backslash \. The only effect 1192: of the above examples (without arguments) is simple string 1193: substitution, i.e., every occurrence of \command 1194: is replaced by {replacement}. Note that the 1195: { }'s surrounding replacement 1196: aren't required, but are usually a good idea (the case 1197: of \cr illustrated above is one exception, where 1198: { }'s would defeat the purpose). 1199:     To define newcommands _with_ arguments, 1200: change the NULL after the \\command 1201: to define your command's arguments as illustrated by the 1202: following example: 1203: <pre>{ "\\lvec", "2n", "#2_1,\\cdots,#2_{#1}" },</pre> 1204: In this case the NULL has been replaced by "2n" 1205: (note the mandatory surrounding quotes "..."). This 1206: example corresponds to the similar one discussed in TLC2 on 1207: page 845. The first character inside the "..."s is 1208:   2   indicating the number of arguments, 1209: which may be 1 thru 9. If there are no 1210: subsequent characters followng this one, then all arguments are 1211: mandatory, enclosed in { }'s as usual. Otherwise, 1212: any subsequent characters signal that the first argument 1213: is optional, enclosed in [ ]'s if given. And 1214: these subsequent characters comprise the first argument's 1215: default value if it's not explicitly given. The illustrated 1216: example's first argument is optional with default value   1217: n   as shown. In this case that's just a single 1218: character, but you can write any length default you like. 1219:     To see many additional examples, search for the 1220: uppercase string NEWCOMMANDS in mimetex.c, and look below that. 1221: All the above examples are already there. </dd> 1222: <dt>-DNORMALSIZE=n </dt> 1223: <dd> MimeTeX currently has six font sizes numbered 0-5, 1224: and always starts out in NORMALSIZE, whose default value is 2. 1225: Specify -DNORMALSIZE=3 on the compile line if you prefer 1226: mimeTeX to start in default size 3, etc. </dd> 1227: <dt> -DPATHPREFIX=\"path/\" </dt> 1228: <dd> The <a href="#input">\input{ }</a> and 1229: <a href="#counter">\counter{ }</a> commands discussed below 1230: require filename arguments which, by default, point to files 1231: residing in the same cgi-bin/ directory as your mimetex.cgi. 1232: Moreover, for security, absolute paths with leading /'s 1233: or \'s, and paths with ../'s or ..\'s, 1234: are not permitted. Instead, compile mimetex with PATHPREFIX 1235: defined as path/ if you want input files in some 1236: other directory. And make sure your path/ ends 1237: with / (or with \ for Windows). </dd> 1238: <dt> -DREFERER=\"domain\" or 1239: -DREFERER=\"domain1,domain2,etc\" </dt> 1240: <dd> Blocks mimeTeX requests from unauthorized domains that 1241: are using your mimetex.cgi (hence your server's resources) 1242: without permission. 1243:       If REFERER is defined, mimeTeX 1244: performs a case-insensitive test of the environment variable 1245: HTTP_REFERER to verify that it contains the authorized 'domain' 1246: as a substring. 1247:       If given several 'domain's (second form) 1248: then HTTP_REFERER must contain either 'domain1' or 1249: 'domain2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. 1250:       If HTTP_REFERER doesn't contain a substring 1251: matching any of these domain(s), then mimeTeX emits an error 1252: message image instead of the requested image. You can manually 1253: modify invalid_referer_msg, defined in function main(), 1254: to personalize the error message for your own site. 1255:       Finally, if HTTP_REFERER is not found as 1256: an environment variable, then mimeTeX correctly generates the 1257: requested image instead of generating an error. </dd> 1258: <dt>-DSECURITY=n </dt> 1259: <dd> This is essentially a "paranoid" setting that defaults 1260: to a high value 999, which inhibits some optional logging 1261: activity. -DCACHEPATH=path/ isn't affected, 1262: since you're explicitly supplying a path/ 1263: you want files written to. But, for example, you must set 1264: -DSECURITY=5 (or less) to permit the \counter 1265: command to create a new counter file. A malicious user 1266: could conceivably flood your file system by submitting 1267: zillions of \counter{filename} commands 1268: to mimeTeX, each with a different filename. </dd> 1269: <dt>-DSQUASHMARGIN=n or 1270: -DNOSQUASH </dt> 1271: <dd> TeX typically renders an expression like 1272: \frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx as <a href="#preview"> 1273: <img id="nosquash1" onclick="eqntext('nosquash1')" 1274: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle 1275: \nosquash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx" 1276: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX tries to remove extra 1277: whitespace, rendering the same expression as <a href="#preview"> 1278: <img id="nosquash2" onclick="eqntext('nosquash2')" 1279: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle 1280: \squash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 1281: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. 1282: Compile with -DNOSQUASH if you prefer the typical TeX 1283: behavior as mimeTeX's default. Or, to adjust the minimum 1284: number of pixels between squashed symbols (default is 3), 1285: compile with -DSQUASHMARGIN=n. 1286: See <a href="#squash">Squash</a> for further discussion. </dd> 1287: <dt> -DWARNINGS=n or 1288: -DNOWARNINGS </dt> 1289: <dd> If an expression submitted to mimeTeX contains an 1290: unrecognzied escape sequence, e.g., "y=x+\abc+1", then 1291: mimeTeX generates a gif image containing an embedded 1292: warning in the form "y=x+[\abc?]+1". Or, if an expression 1293: contains an unrecognized character, i.e., one for which mimeTeX 1294: has no corresponding bitmap, then the embedded warning is [?]. 1295: If you want these warnings suppressed, either -DWARNINGS=0 1296: or -DNOWARNINGS on the compile line tells mimeTeX to treat 1297: unrecognized/undisplayable input as white space. </dd> 1298: <dt> -DWHITE </dt> 1299: <dd> MimeTeX usually renders black symbols on a white 1300: background. This option renders white symbols on 1301: a black background instead. </dd> 1302: </dl> 1303: 1304: 1305: <h2> <a name="cmdline"> (IIe) Command Line Features   </a> </h2> 1306: 1307: MimeTeX usually runs from a browser, obtaining its input expression 1308: from a query_string. But you can also run mimeTeX from your Unix 1309: shell, supplying all input from the command line. This was briefly 1310: illustrated above, where you were advised to test your newly-compiled 1311: mimeTeX executable from the command line before installing it. 1312: 1313: In addition to such simple testing, mimeTeX also provides some 1314: possibly useful functionality from the command line. In particular, 1315: you can store a gif (or xbitmap) image of any expression to a file. 1316: No syntax checking is applied to command-line arguments, so enter 1317: them carefully. 1318: 1319: The complete command-line syntax for mimeTeX is 1320: <pre> 1321: ./mimetex [ -d ] dump gif image on stdout, 1322: [ -e export_file ] or write gif image to export_file 1323: [ expression expression, e.g., "x^2+y^2", 1324: | -f input_file ] or read expression from input_file 1325: [ -m msglevel ] verbosity of debugging output 1326: [ -o ] render image with opaque background 1327: [ -s fontsize ] default fontsize, 0-5 1328: 1329: -d Rather than printing ascii debugging output, mimeTeX 1330: dumps the actual gif (or xbitmap) to stdout, e.g., 1331: ./mimetex -d "x^2+y^2" > expression.gif 1332: creates expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 1333: 1334: -e Like -d but writes the actual gif (or xbitmap) directly 1335: to export_file, e.g., 1336: ./mimetex -e expression.gif "x^2+y^2" 1337: also creates expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 1338: 1339: expression Place LaTeX expression directly on command 1340: line, with no -switch preceding it, as in the example 1341: immediately above, or... 1342: 1343: -f Read expression from input_file (and automatically 1344: assume -d switch). The input_file may contain the 1345: expression on one line or spread out over many lines. 1346: MimeTeX will concatanate all lines from input_file 1347: to construct one long expression. Blanks, tabs, and 1348: newlines are just ignored. 1349: 1350: -m 0-99, controls verbosity level for debugging output 1351: (usually used only while testing code). 1352: 1353: -o Rather than the default transparent gif background, 1354: the rendered image will contain black symbols on an 1355: opaque white background (or vice versa if compiled 1356: with -DWHITE). For example, if you have ImageMagick's 1357: display utility, 1358: ./mimetex -o -d "x^2+y^2" | display & 1359: opens a small window containing the rendered expression. 1360: 1361: -s 0-5, font size. As usual, the font size can also 1362: be specified within the expression by a directive, 1363: e.g., \large f(x)=x^2 displays f(x)=x^2 at font size 3, 1364: overriding -s. Default font size is 2. 1365: </pre> 1366: 1367: 1368: 1369:  1372: <h1> <a name="reference"> (III) Syntax Reference   </a> </h1> 1373: 1374: Since mimeTeX's syntax is as TeX-like as possible, we'll mostly discuss 1375: the occasional exceptions (which exist only to simplify my programming 1376: task, not to impose any syntactic aesthetics of mine on you). This 1377: section contains short paragraphs that each discuss some aspect of 1378: mimeTeX where your LaTeX experience might not be precisely relevant. 1379: 1380: Anything not discussed here that still doesn't behave like you expect 1381: is probably just not implemented. That includes (La)TeX packages 1382: (though a few ams commands like \begin{gather} and \begin{pmatrix} 1383: are recognized), non-standard fonts, etc. You can try out any 1384: questionable syntax by <a href="#forminput">Submit</a>ting a query 1385: to quickly see whether or not it works. And you might want to 1386: occasionally re-browse the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> above, 1387: which may better illustrate implemented features. 1388: 1389: 1390: <h2> <a name="spaces"> (IIIa) \unitlength{ }, Math Spaces and Whitespace 1391:   </a> </h2> 1392: 1393: <h3> <a name="unitlength">\unitlength...</a> </h3> 1394: 1395: Lengths in mimeTeX are all ultimately expressed in number of pixels. 1396: Various commands discussed below require length arguments, including 1397: <ul> 1398: <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hspace{ }</a> </li> 1399: <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hfill{ }</a> </li> 1400: <li> <a href="#raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ }</a> </li> 1401: <li> <a href="#circleline">\line( , )</a> and 1402: <a href="#circleline">\circle( , )</a> </li> 1403: <li> <a href="#arrows">\longrightarrow[ ]</a> </li> 1404: </ul> 1405: (the \longxxxarrow [ ]-arguments are optional mimeTeX 1406: extensions to LaTeX)   MimeTeX's length-type arguments never 1407: take units, e.g., {10pt} and {1cm} are both invalid. Lengths always 1408: refer to number of pixels, optionally scaled by a user-specified 1409: \unitlength. 1410: 1411: MimeTeX's \unitlength{ } command lets you specify 1412: the number of pixels per "length unit", e.g., 1413: \unitlength{10} \hspace{2.5} renders a 25-pixel space. 1414: Both \unitlength{ } and \hspace{ }'s 1415: length arguments may be integers or may contain decimal points. 1416: Ditto for all other mimeTeX commands that take length arguments. 1417: The default \unitlength is, you guessed it, 1. 1418: 1419: A specified \unitlength applies to all subsequent terms, 1420: i.e., everything to its right. And several \unitlength's 1421: may be specified in the same expression, each one overriding 1422: those to its left. But if one or more \unitlength's 1423: appear within a { }-enclosed subexpression, then terms 1424: following its closing right } revert to the \unitlength 1425: in effect before its opening left {. For example, <center> 1426: A\hspace{10} {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C} \hspace{10}D 1427:   produces   1428: <a href="#preview"><img id="unitlength1" onclick="eqntext('unitlength1')" 1429: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\hspace{10} 1430: {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C}\hspace{10}D" 1431: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1432: which has a 10-pixel space between A and B, then 1433: 25 pixels between B and C, and finally 1434: another 10 pixels between C and D. 1435: 1436: <h3> <a name="mathspace">Math Spaces...</a> </h3> 1437: 1438: Except inside <a href="#textboxes">text boxes</a>, 1439: unescaped blanks, tildes (a ~), and all other usual 1440: <a href="#whitespace">whitespace</a> characters are completely 1441: ignored by mimeTeX, just like they are in LaTeX math mode. 1442: As usual, you must explicitly write one of the recognized math 1443: spaces to put extra visible space in your rendered expressions. 1444: 1445: MimeTeX recognizes math spaces \, \: \; as well as 1446: \/ and \quad and \qquad . You may also 1447: write \hspace{10} to insert a 10-pixel (or any other number) 1448: space, scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, 1449: as illustrated just above. There are no negative spaces. 1450: 1451: Although some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces 1452: inside html query_string's, mimeTeX also recognizes escaped blanks 1453: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?1$\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}" 1454: alt="" border=0 align=middle> (a \ followed by a blank) as math 1455: spaces, just in case you can safely use them. 1456: 1457: MimeTeX also supports \hfill{textwidth}, where 1458: textwidth is roughly equivalent to LaTeX's 1459: \textwidth, i.e., it's the total number of pixels, scaled by 1460: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, that your entire rendered 1461: expression will span. However, if \hfill{ } appears 1462: within a { }-enclosed subexpression, then it applies 1463: only to that subexpression. For example, <center> 1464: {abc \hfill{50} def} \hfill{100} ghi 1465:     produces     1466: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace1" onclick="eqntext('mathspace1')" 1467: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?3${abc\hfill{50}def}\hfill{100}ghi" 1468: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1469: The first/inner \hfill{50} inserts exactly enough whitespace so 1470: that subexpression "abc  def" spans 50 pixels. 1471: Then the second/outer \hfill{100} inserts exactly enough 1472: whitespace so that the entire expression spans 100 pixels. 1473: Without explicit { }-nesting, mimeTeX evaluates expressions 1474: left-to-right (sinistrally), e.g., ...\hfill{100}...\hfill{50}... 1475: is exactly equivalent to ...\hfill{100}{...\hfill{50}...}. 1476: Notice that, this time, the second/right textwidth 1477: argument is necessarily smaller than the first/left. 1478: 1479: Finally, mimeTeX begins a new line whenever you write \\ . 1480: And you may optionally write \\[10] to put a 10-pixel (or any 1481: other number) vertical space, scaled by 1482: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, between lines. 1483: <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> also splits long 1484: equations over several lines, as illustrated by 1485: <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above. 1486: But when that's not the best solution, you can also write, 1487: for example, <center> 1488: y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h 1489:     to produce     1490: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace2" onclick="eqntext('mathspace2')" 1491: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?3$y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h" 1492: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1493: 1494: However, mimeTeX can't correctly handle automatically-sized delimiters 1495: across linebreaks, e.g., <center> 1496: y=\left\{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\right\} 1497:     produces     1498: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace3" onclick="eqntext('mathspace3')" 1499: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?3$y=\{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\}" 1500: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 1501: whereas you probably wanted         1502: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace4" onclick="eqntext('mathspace4')" 1503: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?3$y=\big{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\big}" 1504: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1505: which I produced using \big{...\\...\big} instead 1506: of \left\{...\\...\right\}. Expressions of the 1507: form \left...\right \\ \left...\right should all be 1508: rendered properly. It's only \left...\\...\right that will 1509: look odd. 1510: 1511: <h3> <a name="whitespace">Whitespace, Comments, 1512: and some other characters...</a> </h3> 1513: 1514: Some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces 1515: inside html query_string's. In that case, you can write 1516: tildes (a ~) wherever blanks are required or desired, 1517: e.g., \alpha~w instead of \alpha w, or 1518: \frac~xy or \sqrt~z, etc. MimeTeX correctly 1519: interprets both blanks and ~'s, and all 1520: other usual whitespace characters. So use whatever's convenient 1521: as long as it's correctly interpreted inside query_string's by your 1522: browser. 1523: 1524: Similarly, some browsers occasionally misinterpret linebreaks/newlines 1525: inside the middle of long html query_string's. 1526: For example, 1527: <pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} 1528: \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt" 1529: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> 1530: breaks a long query_string over two lines. If your browser interprets 1531: this correctly, then mimeTeX will render it correctly, too. Otherwise, 1532: you'll have to enter long expressions on one big long line. 1533: 1534: If you can break long query_string's over several lines, then you may 1535: find mimeTeX's %%comments%% feature useful, too. Note that 1536: comments must be preceded and followed by two %'s 1537: rather than LaTeX's usual one. The above example could be written 1538: <pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} %%normalization%% 1539: \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt %%integral%%" 1540: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> 1541: 1542: Besides whitespace, browsers may misinterpret embedded apostrophes, 1543: and especially quotes, within query strings. The a's and 1544: b's in <a href="#example7">Example 7</a> above actually use 1545: superscripted commas for apostrophes, i.e., a^,s and b^,s, 1546: and you can also use LaTeX \prime's, as in a^\prime s. 1547: For quotes, you can use ^{,,} since " almost certainly 1548: won't work. To help make things easier, in addition to the usual 1549: LaTeX \prime, mimeTeX also recognizes \apostrophe and 1550: \quote and \percent, all with the obvious meanings. 1551: 1552: 1553: <h2> <a name="symbols"> (IIIb) Math Symbols, Sizes, and Modes   </a></h2> 1554: 1555: <h3> <a name="characters">Character Sets...</a> </h3> 1556: 1557: For complete information about the characters and math symbols 1558: available in mimeTeX, you'll need to browse through the bottom 1559: 500-or-so lines of mimetex.h. And several additional 1560: symbols like \ldots and \AA and \hbar are 1561: defined by the mimeTeX preprocessor, function mimeprep( ) 1562: in mimetex.c     Generally speaking, I've tried 1563: to encode the cmmi10, cmsy10, cmr10, cmex10, rsfs10 and bbold10 1564: families with "names", e.g., \alpha \beta \forall \sqcup, etc, 1565: identical to your LaTeX expectations. For example, the 1566: calligraphic symbols in cmsy10 are accessed by writing 1567: \mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{XYZ}. Similarly, write 1568: \mathscr{A} for the rsfs10 fonts, and write \mathbb{R} 1569: for bbold10. 1570:  1580: I haven't exhaustively checked all the name-number matchings for 1581: the hundreds of symbols in mimetex.h. You can eaily correct 1582: any minor mistake you find in what I hope is an obvious manner. 1583: The fonts <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below provides 1584: additional information. 1585: 1586: In addition to extra LaTeX symbols like \ldots, \AA 1587: and \hbar, mentioned above, the mimeTeX preprocessor 1588: mimeprep( ) also recognizes various html special 1589: characters like &lt;, &gt;, &nbsp;, 1590: &quot;, &amp;, etc. Some web tools apparently 1591: translate characters like, e.g., > to &gt;, 1592: even inside quoted query_string's, so mimeTeX's preprocessor 1593: translates them back to LaTeX symbols for you. 1594: 1595: <h3> <a name="sizes">Font Sizes...</a> </h3> 1596: 1597: MimeTeX currently has six font sizes, numbered 0-5, with default 2. 1598: This font size numbering corresponds to the usual LaTeX declarations 1599:   \tiny,   \small,   \normalsize 1600: (default),   \large,   \Large and \LARGE. 1601: These declarations can be placed anywhere in a mimeTeX expression, 1602: and they change font size from that point forwards. However, as usual, 1603: a font size change inside a { }-subexpression remains 1604: in effect only within that subexpression. 1605: 1606: In mimeTeX you may also write \fontsize{0}...\fontsize{5} or 1607: the shorter \fs{0},...,\fs{5} for \tiny,...,\LARGE. 1608: And since these arguments are all single digits, the even shorter 1609: form \fs0,...,\fs5 works equally well. For example, 1610: <center> <table cellpadding=0> 1611: <tr align=center> 1612: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1613: <td> produces </td> 1614: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" 1615: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2" 1616: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1617: </tr> 1618: <tr align=center> 1619: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1620: <td>   </td> 1621: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes2" onclick="eqntext('sizes2')" 1622: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f(x)=x^2" 1623: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1624: </tr> 1625: <tr align=center> 1626: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs4f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1627: <td>   </td> 1628: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes3" onclick="eqntext('sizes3')" 1629: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs4f(x)=x^2" 1630: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1631: </tr> 1632: </table> </center> 1633: rendering f(x)=x^2 in mimeTeX font sizes   2 1634: (default \normalsize),   3 (\large or \fs3), and 1635:   4 (\fs4 or \Large). 1636: 1637: You'll soon notice that exponents and \frac's and \atop's 1638: are automatically rendered one size smaller than their base 1639: expressions. For example, <center> 1640: \Large y=e^{x^2}   produces   1641: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" 1642: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{x^2}" 1643: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1644: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large), the "x" in 1645: font size 3 (\large), and the "2" in font size 2 (\normalsize). 1646: If you get below font size 0, the font size remains 0. 1647: 1648: Explicit size declarations override mimeTeX's default sizing behavior. 1649: You can rewrite the preceding example as, say, <center> 1650: \Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}   which now produces 1651:   <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" 1652: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}" 1653: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1654: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large unchanged), 1655: the "x" in font size 2 (\normalsize), and the "2" 1656: in font size 0 (\tiny). 1657: 1658: Preceding an \fs{ } size argument with + or 1659: - specifies "relative" sizing. For example, 1660: \large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi} produces 1661: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" 1662: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}" 1663: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, rendering the "def" 1664: in font size 1 (two sizes smaller than \large). Note that 1665: \fs{-2} affects only the subexpression in which it appears, 1666: and that its braces are no longer optional since -2 contains 1667: two characters. For exponents (or any other size-changing commands 1668: like \frac), <center> 1669: \Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}   produces   1670: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" 1671: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}" 1672: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1673: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large), as usual. 1674: The "x" would usually be rendered one size smaller, 1675: in font size 3, and your \fs{-1} is applied to that, 1676: resulting in font size 2. And the final "2" is rendered, 1677: by the usual rules, one size smaller than the "x", 1678: in font size 1. 1679: 1680: <h3> <a name="modes">Modes...</a> </h3> 1681: 1682: MimeTeX is always in a math-like mode, so you needn't surround 1683: expressions with $...$'s for \textstyle, 1684: or $$...$$'s for \displaystyle. 1685:  1689: By default, operator limits like \int_a^b are rendered 1690: \textstyle <a href="#preview"> 1691: <img id="modes99a" onclick="eqntext('modes99a')" 1692: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\int_a^b" 1693: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \normalsize 1694: and smaller, and rendered \displaystyle <a href="#preview"> 1695: <img id="modes99b" onclick="eqntext('modes99b')" 1696: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" 1697: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \large and 1698: larger (see the -DDISPLAYSIZE 1699: <a href="#options">compile option</a> to change this default). 1700: And when \displaystyle is invoked (either implicitly at font size 1701: \large or larger, or if you explicitly write \displaystyle 1702: at any font size), then operators \int, \sum, 1703: \prod, etc, are automatically promoted to larger sizes. 1704:  1705:  1707:  1709: For example, <center> 1710:  1714: \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1715:     produces     1716: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2a" onclick="eqntext('modes2a')" 1717: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1718: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>,   whereas 1719: \displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2  produces  1720: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" 1721: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1722: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, </center> 1723: and  <center> 1725: \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2   produces   1726: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" 1727: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1728: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>,   whereas 1729: \textstyle \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1730:     produces     1731: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2b" onclick="eqntext('modes2b')" 1732: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textstyle\large 1733: \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 1734:  </center> 1735: 1736: As usual, \nolimits turns displaystyle off (or textstyle on) 1737: for the operator immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 1738: \large\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 1739:   produces   1740: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes3" onclick="eqntext('modes3')" 1741: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1742: \large\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1743: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a></center> 1744: and likewise, \limits turns displaystyle on for the operator 1745: immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 1746: \sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2   produces   1747: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes4" onclick="eqntext('modes4')" 1748: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 1749: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1750: 1751: By the way, \limits affects _any_ character 1752: or subexpression immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 1753: A^i_j   produces   1754: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes5" onclick="eqntext('modes5')" 1755: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?3$A^i_j" 1756: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     as usual, whereas 1757: A\limits^i_j   produces   1758: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes6" onclick="eqntext('modes6')" 1759: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\limits^i_j" 1760: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. </center> 1761: Likewise, for subexpressions, <center> 1762: \widehat{xyz}\limits^a   produces   1763: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes7" onclick="eqntext('modes7')" 1764: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\widehat{xyz}\limits^a" 1765: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1766: This side effect may occasionally be useful. For example, <center> 1767: x\rightarrow\limits^gy   produces   1768: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes8" onclick="eqntext('modes8')" 1769: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\rightarrow\limits^gy" 1770: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1771: (mimeTeX automatically centers super/subscripts above/below 1772: the long and Long <a href="#arrows">arrow</a> forms) 1773: 1774: The \displaystyle command turns on displaystyle math mode for 1775: the entire expression (or { }-enclosed subexpression), 1776: affecting _all_ super/subscripts to the right 1777: of the \displaystyle, except for character classes Ordinary and 1778: Variable (TeXbook page 154). Similarly, \textstyle turns 1779: off displaystyle math mode. For example, <center> 1780: \sum_1^n {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j} \sum_1^m 1781:   produces   1782: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes9" onclick="eqntext('modes9')" 1783: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_1^n 1784: {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j}\sum_1^m" 1785: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1786: Note that \sum's within the subexpression are all affected by 1787: the beginning \displaystyle, but not the Variable x_i^j. 1788: An explicit x\limits_i^j always affects any preceding term. 1789: 1790: <h3> <a name="textboxes">text boxes...</a> </h3> 1791: 1792: Finally, mimeTeX also has a text-like/roman mode 1793: entered by writing either \text{anything at all} 1794: or the equivalent LaTeX-2.09-like command 1795: {\rm anything at all}, both of which render 1796: anything at all in roman (font family cmr10). 1797: \mbox{ } and several similar LaTeX commands are 1798: recognized by mimeTeX as synonyms for \text{ }. 1799: For italic, write \textit{anything at all} or 1800: {\it anything at all}, both of which render 1801: anything at all in italic (font family cmmi10). 1802: All four forms respect spaces between words, except that the 1803: first/required space after {\rm etc} and 1804: {\it etc} is still ignored. For example, <center> 1805: anything at all   just produces   1806: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes1" onclick="eqntext('textboxes1')" 1807: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?anything at all" 1808: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     whereas 1809: \text{anything at all}   produces   1810: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes2" onclick="eqntext('textboxes2')" 1811: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\text{anything at all}" 1812: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     and 1813: \textit{anything at all}   produces   1814: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes3" onclick="eqntext('textboxes3')" 1815: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textit{anything at all}" alt="" 1816: border=0 align=middle></a>     instead. </center> 1817: 1818: 1819: <h2> <a name="delimiters"> (IIIc) Delimiters   </a> </h2> 1820: 1821: <h3> <a name="parens">Parentheses and Braces 1822: (delimiters)...</a> </h3> 1823: 1824: LaTeX's \left( and \right) may be written exactly 1825: like that, or may be abbreviated $ and $ in mimeTeX. 1826: Not all \left and \right LaTeX delimiters are currently 1827: available in mimeTeX, but those that are can be written in the usual 1828: way, or can be abbreviated as described above. One exception is 1829: that \left\|...\right\| must instead be abbreviated 1830: \=...\= or can be written in full \left\|...\right\| 1831: as usual. Also, \left\langle...\right\rangle is abbreviated 1832: \<...\> . 1833: Mixing abbreviated and unabbreviated delimiters within a matching 1834: pair is not allowed, e.g., \left(...\) _won't_ work. But you 1835: can mix nested pairs, e.g., \left(...$...$...\right) will 1836: work as long as the matching delimiters comprising each pair are 1837: either both abbreviated or both unabbreviated. 1838: The complete list of automatically sized delimiters 1839: available in mimeTeX is <center> 1840:  1841: <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1> 1842: <tr align=center> 1843: <td> LaTeX or mimeTeX </td> 1844: <td> or mimeTeX abbreviation </td> 1845: <td> example... </td> 1846: <td> ...renders </td> 1847: </tr> 1848: <tr align=center> 1849: <td> \left( ... \right) </td> 1850: <td> $ ... $ </td> 1851: <td> \left( \frac1{1-x^2} \right)^2 </td> 1852: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens1" onclick="eqntext('parens1')" 1853: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left(\frac1{1-x^2}\right)^2" 1854: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1855: </tr> 1856: <tr align=center> 1857: <td> \left[ ... \right] </td> 1858: <td> \[ ... \] </td> 1859: <td> \left[ 1+\frac xn \right]^n </td> 1860: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens2" onclick="eqntext('parens2')" 1861: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left[1+\frac xn\right]^n" 1862: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1863: </tr> 1864: <tr align=center> 1865: <td> \left\{ ... \right\} </td> 1866: <td> \{ ... \} </td> 1867: <td> \left\{ 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots \right\} </td> 1868: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens3" onclick="eqntext('parens3')" 1869: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1870: \large\left\{1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots\right\}" 1871: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1872: </tr> 1873: <tr align=center> 1874: <td> \left\langle   ... 1875:         ...  \right\rangle </td> 1876: <td> \< ... \> </td> 1877: <td> \left\langle \varphi |\hat H| 1878:         \phi \right\rangle </td> 1879: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens4" onclick="eqntext('parens4')" 1880: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1881: \Large\left\langle\varphi|\hat H|\phi\right\rangle" 1882: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1883: </tr> 1884: <tr align=center> 1885: <td> \left| ... \right| </td> 1886: <td> \| ... \| </td> 1887: <td> \det \left| \begin{array}{cc} 1&2\\ 1888:         3&4 \end{array} \right|</td> 1889: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens5" onclick="eqntext('parens5')" 1890: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1891: \large\det\left|\begin{array}{cc}1&2\\3&4\end{array}\right|" 1892: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1893: </tr> 1894: <tr align=center> 1895: <td> \left\| ... \right\| </td> 1896: <td> \= ... \= </td> 1897: <td> \left\|x^2-y^2\right\| </td> 1898: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens6" onclick="eqntext('parens6')" 1899: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\left\|x^2-y^2\right\|" 1900: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1901: </tr> 1902: <tr align=center> 1903: <td> \left\{ ... \right. </td> 1904: <td> \{ ... \. </td> 1905: <td> y=\left\{ \text{this\atop that} \right. </td> 1906: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens7" onclick="eqntext('parens7')" 1907: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1908: \large y=\left\{\text{this\atop that}\right." 1909: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1910: </tr> 1911: <tr align=center> 1912: <td> \left. ... \right\} </td> 1913: <td> \. ... \} </td> 1914: <td> \left. \text{this\atop that} \right\}=y </td> 1915: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens8" onclick="eqntext('parens8')" 1916: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1917: \large\left.\text{this\atop that}\right\}=y" 1918: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 1919: </tr> 1920: </table> </center> 1921: Notes...  1922: <ol compact type=1> 1923: <li> The other LaTeX delimiters, i.e., floor's, ceil's, 1924: arrows, etc, can't yet be sized to fit. </li> 1925: <li> <a href="#sizes">Size declarations</a> inside any of the 1926: above delimiter pairs affect only the enclosed subexpression, 1927: e.g., \Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z produces 1928: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9" onclick="eqntext('parens9')" 1929: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z" 1930: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> 1931: <li> An abbreviated left delimiter must be paired with the same 1932: "type" of matching right delimiter, e.g., \[...\] works 1933: whereas \[...\) doesn't work. To render an "unmatched" 1934: pair of delimiters you must use the unabbreviated form, e.g., 1935: \left[...\right) works fine. </li> 1936: <li> Similarly, "unusual" delimiter abbreviations like \)...\( 1937: also don't work in mimeTeX. That is,   1938: (, [, <, {, etc, must always be "left" 1939: in mimeTeX, and   ), ], >, }, etc, 1940: must always be "right". To render "unusual" delimiter pairs you 1941: must use the unabbreviated form, e.g., \left)...\right[ 1942: works fine. </li> 1943: <li> \right. may be paired with any of the automatically 1944: sized delimiters, and may optionally be abbreviated as \. 1945:    The same \. also serves as an abbreviation 1946: for \left.    MimeTeX correctly interprets your 1947: intention if you correctly balance delimiters. For example, 1948: either y=\left\{{this\atop that}\right. or 1949: y=\{{this\atop that}\. renders the usual useful 1950: construction 1951: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens10" onclick="eqntext('parens10')" 1952: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?y=\{\text{this\atop that}\." 1953: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> illustrated above. </li> 1954: <li> However, abbreviated \.'s cannot be nested in mimeTeX, 1955: e.g., \[$...\.\. doesn't work. Instead, unabbreviated 1956: \left. and \right. may be nested, e.g., 1957: \left[\left(...\right.\right. works fine. </li> 1958: <li> Simply nested abbreviations like \[\(...$\] work fine in 1959: mimeTeX. But abbreviated delimiters like \|...\| 1960: and \=...\=, whose left and right forms are 1961: identical, cannot be nested. To nest these delimiters you 1962: must use the corresponding unabbreviated \left|..\right| 1963: and \left\|...\right\|. </li> 1964: <li> All \left(...\right)'s (and abbreviated $...$'s), 1965: etc, must be correctly balanced, which may include being matched 1966: with \left. or \right. (or abbreviated \.). 1967:    And, to repeat, you may _not_ mix 1968: abbreviated and unabbreviated \(...\right), etc, within a 1969: matching pair. </li> 1970: </ol> 1971: 1972: Besides the \left...\right delimiters discussed above, 1973: mimeTeX also supports constructions like 1974: \left\int_a^b...\right. , which automatically 1975: sizes the \left\int to accommodate everything between it 1976: and its matching \right.   delimiter. 1977: The \right delimiter needn't necessarily be 1978: the \right.   illustrated, e.g., 1979: \left\int_a^b x^2dx =\frac{x^3}3\right|\nolimits_a^b 1980: produces 1981: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens11" onclick="eqntext('parens11')" 1982: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 1983: \left\int_a^bx^2dx=\frac{x^3}3\right|\nolimits_a^b" border=0 alt="" 1984: align=middle></a>. Except for Opening (TeX class 4) and 1985: Closing (class 5) delimiter characters like ( ) and 1986: [ ] and \{ \}, limits are default-rendered 1987: \displaystyle, which is why \right|\nolimits_a^b was required. 1988: You can also write \left\sum, \left\prod, 1989: \left\cup, etc, for many of the symbols in CMEX10. 1990: And any symbol that works with \left will also work 1991: with \right . But mimeTeX abbreviations like   1992: $...$   for   \left(...\right)   1993: won't work with any of these CMEX10 symbols. You'll have to write 1994: the usual unabbreviated \left...\right form. 1995: 1996: Unescaped ( )'s and [ ]'s and | |'s 1997: and < >'s don't need to be balanced since mimeTeX just 1998: displays them like ordinary characters without any special significance. 1999: Ditto for the usual four \big( and \Big( and \bigg( 2000: and \Bigg(, and for their four right ) counterparts, which 2001: just display (...)'s at fixed larger sizes, and also have no 2002: special significance. All four big [ ]'s and 2003: < >'s and { }'s are also available 2004: as ordinary characters. 2005: 2006: As usual, unescaped {...}'s aren't displayed at all, 2007: must be balanced, and have the usual special LaTeX significance. 2008: MimeTeX interprets escaped \{...\}'s as abbreviations 2009: for \left\{...\right\} and therefore always sizes them to fit. 2010: If you need displayed but unsized {...}'s, write 2011: \lbrace...\rbrace or any of the four \big{...\big}'s. 2012: 2013: 2014: <h2> <a name="accents"> (IIId) Accents, Functions, Arrows, 2015: Raise and rotate, Compose, Abbreviations, etc.   </a> </h2> 2016: 2017: <h3> Accents... </h3> 2018: 2019: 2020: \vec{ } \hat{ } \bar{ } \tilde{ } \dot{ } 2021: and \ddot{ } are the only accents currently supported, 2022: and they're all "wide". You can write \widehat{ } if you 2023: like, but there's absolutely no difference either way. 2024: \bar{ } and \overline{ } are identical. 2025: 2026: <h3> <a name="functions">Function names...</a> </h3> 2027: 2028: All 32 usual LaTeX function names \arccos,...,\tanh 2029: are recognized by mimeTeX and treated in the usual way. MimeTeX 2030: also recognizes \tr for the trace, and also \bmod 2031: and \pmod. And those functions that normally take "limits" 2032: also behave as expected, e.g., <center> 2033: \lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S   produces   2034: <a href="#preview"><img id="functions1" onclick="eqntext('functions1')" 2035: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?3$\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S" 2036: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2037: 2038: <h3> <a name="arrows">long Arrows...</a> </h3> 2039: 2040: All mimeTeX \long and \Long arrows take an optional [width] argument 2041: that explicitly sets the arrow's width in pixels, scaled by 2042: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. For example, 2043: \longrightarrow[50] draws a 50-pixel wide arrow 2044: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows1" onclick="eqntext('arrows1')" 2045: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow[50]" alt="" border=0 2046: align=middle></a>, whereas just \longrightarrow calculates 2047: a default width 2048: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows2" onclick="eqntext('arrows2')" 2049: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow" alt="" border=0 2050: align=middle></a>, as usual. And, in addition to the usual 2051: right, left and leftright arrows, there are also \long (and \Long) up, 2052: down and updown arrows that take an optional [height] argument, also 2053: scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. 2054: 2055: In the event that you actually want to place an []-enclosed expression 2056: immediately following an "unsized" long arrow, just place a ~ or 2057: any white space after the arrow, e.g., f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1] 2058: produces 2059: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows3" onclick="eqntext('arrows3')" 2060: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]" 2061: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Without any intervening white space, 2062: mimeTeX would have "eaten" the [0,1]. 2063: 2064: Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long left/right arrows 2065: are displayed the same way <a href="#modes">\limits</a> displays them, 2066: e.g., <center> 2067: x\longrightarrow^gy   produces   2068: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows4" onclick="eqntext('arrows4')" 2069: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow^gy" 2070: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2071: x\longrightarrow[50]^gy   produces   2072: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows5" onclick="eqntext('arrows5')" 2073: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow[50]^gy" 2074: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2075: Subscripted long arrows can occasionally be useful, too, as in 2076: <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> above, e.g., <center> 2077: u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta v   produces   2078: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows6" onclick="eqntext('arrows6')" 2079: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta^{\,}v" 2080: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2081: To defeat this default behavior, e.g., \longrightarrow\nolimits^g 2082: displays super/subscripts in the usual way. 2083: 2084: Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long up/down arrows 2085: are treated correspondingly, i.e., superscripts are vertically 2086: centered to the arrow's left, and subscripts to its right. 2087: For example, <center> 2088: \longuparrow[30]^\gamma   produces   2089: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows7" onclick="eqntext('arrows7')" 2090: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longuparrow[30]^\gamma" 2091: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2092: \longdownarrow[30]_\gamma   produces       2093: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows8" onclick="eqntext('arrows8')" 2094: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma" 2095: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2096: whose occasional usefulness is also illustrated by 2097: <a href="#example11">Example 11</a>. And as before, to defeat 2098: this default behavior, e.g., \longuparrow\nolimits^\gamma 2099: displays super/subscripts in the usual way. 2100: 2101: <h3> <a name="raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ } and 2102: \rotatebox{ }{ }...</a> </h3> 2103: 2104: The \raisebox{height}{expression} 2105: and \rotatebox{angle}{expression} 2106: commands help you fine-tune and manipulate mimeTeX renderings. 2107: The height argument is number of pixels, scaled by 2108: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, and can be positive 2109: or negative. The angle argument is number of degrees, 2110: and can also be positive (for clockwise) or negative, but must be a 2111: multiple of 90. Finally, the expression can be any 2112: valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression. For example, mimeTeX's preprocessor 2113: defines the LaTeX ?` symbol, an upside-down question 2114: mark, like <center> 2115: abc\raisebox{-2}{\rotatebox{180}?}def   produces   2116: <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot1" onclick="eqntext('raiserot1')" 2117: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2118: \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\rotateb{180}{\LARGE?}}def" 2119: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2120: 2121: <h3> <a name="compose">\compose{ }{ }...</a></h3> 2122: 2123: 2124: \compose[offset]{base}{overlay} 2125: superimposes the overlay expression on top of the 2126: base expression, displaying the result. 2127: Optionally, the overlay is horizontally offset 2128: by the specified number of pixels (positive offsets to the right, 2129: negative to the left). For example, <center> 2130: \compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}   produces   2131: <a href="#preview"><img id="compose1" onclick="eqntext('compose1')" 2132: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}" 2133: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2134: 2135: Separately or in some judicious combination, \compose and 2136: \raisebox and \rotatebox should help you construct 2137: special symbols not "natively" available with mimeTeX's limited 2138: set of built-in font families. This can be especially useful 2139: in conjunction with the -DNEWCOMMANDS compile-time 2140: <a href="#options">option</a> discussed above. 2141: 2142: <h3> <a name="abbreviations">Abbreviations...</a> </h3> 2143: 2144: 2145: \ga displays \gamma, but just \g displays 2146: \gg (>>). That is, mimeTeX selects the 2147: shortest symbol or command which begins with whatever you type. 2148: This feature can help shorten an otherwise very long line, 2149: but it may be a bit dangerous. 2150: 2151: The mimeTeX <a href="#symbols">preprocessor</a>, briefly mentioned 2152: above, is responsible for recognizing several LaTeX symbols like 2153: \ldots and several commands like \atop . 2154: These symbols and commands cannot be abbreviated. The special 2155: html characters like &nbsp; are also recognized by 2156: the preprocessor and cannot be abbreviated. 2157: 2158: <h3> <a name="colors">Colors...</a> </h3> 2159: 2160: Rudimentary color commands are provided by mimeTeX. You can write 2161: \color{red} or \color{green} or\color{blue} 2162: (which may be abbreviated \red or \green or 2163: \blue) anywhere in an expression to render the entire 2164: expression in the specified color. That is, 2165: abc{\red def}ghi renders the entire expression red, 2166: not just the def part. Also, note that mimeTeX's "green" 2167: is actually color #00FF00, which the html standard more 2168: accurately calls "lime". For example, <center> 2169: \blue e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}   produces   2170: <a href="#preview"><img id="colors1" onclick="eqntext('colors1')" 2171: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2172: \Large\color{blue} e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 2173: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2174: 2175: <h3> <a name="squash">"Squash"...</a> </h3> 2176: 2177: TeX represents characters by boxes, with no idea how ink will be 2178: distributed inside. So an expression like 2179: \frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx is typically rendered as   2180: <a href="#preview"><img id="squash1" onclick="eqntext('squash1')" 2181: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle 2182: \nosquash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}" 2183: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2184: But mimeTeX knows the character shapes of its fonts, and therefore tries 2185: to remove extra whitespace, rendering the same expression as   2186: <a href="#preview"><img id="squash2" onclick="eqntext('squash2')" 2187: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle 2188: \squash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 2189: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. 2190: 2191: Precede any expression with the mimeTeX directive \nosquash 2192: to render it without "squashing". Or compile mimetex.c with the 2193: -DNOSQUASH <a href="#options">option</a> if you prefer 2194: the typical TeX behavior as mimeTeX's default. In this case, 2195: precede any expression with \squash to render it "squashed". 2196: And note that explicit space like \hspace{10} 2197: or \; , etc, is never squashed. 2198: 2199: The scope of \squash and \nosquash is the 2200: { }-enclosed subexpression in which the directive occurs. 2201: For example, if you want the g(x) part of the 2202: preceding example squashed, but not the 1/2 part, 2203: then the expression 2204: \nosquash\frac12{\squash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx} 2205: renders as   2206: <a href="#preview"><img id="squash3" onclick="eqntext('squash3')" 2207: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle 2208: \nosquash\frac12{\squash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}}" 2209: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2210:  2217: 2218: For finer-grained control, note that \squash is shorthand 2219: for the default \squashmargin{+3} (and \nosquash is 2220: shorthand for \squashmargin{0}). \squashmargin's value 2221: is the minimum number of pixels between squashed symbols. The leading 2222: + is optional. If present, the font size (\tiny=0,...,\LARGE=5) 2223: is added to the specified minimum. Compile mimetex.c with the 2224: -DSQUASHMARGIN=n <a href="#options">option</a> to change 2225: the default from 3 to n. Compare the preceding 2226: example with the over-squashed \squashmargin{1}   2227: <a href="#preview"><img id="squash5" onclick="eqntext('squash5')" 2228: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle 2229: \squashmargin1\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 2230: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. 2231: 2232: Squashing is in "alpha testing" and some expressions still don't look 2233: quite right when squashed, e.g., 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots renders as 2234: <a href="#preview"><img id="squash6" onclick="eqntext('squash6')" 2235: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots" 2236: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Just compile with -DNOSQUASH 2237: if you come across numerous annoying situations. 2238: 2239: <h3> <a name="not">\not and \Not and \sout...</a> </h3> 2240: 2241: The usual LaTeX   \not   "slashes" the single symbol 2242: following it, e.g.,   i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla 2243:   produces <a href="#preview"> 2244: <img id="not1" onclick="eqntext('not1')" 2245: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla" 2246: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2247: 2248: For arbitrary expressions, mimeTeX provides   \Not   2249: which draws a line from the upper-right to lower-left corner of its 2250: argument, e.g.,   a\Not{x^2}=bx^{\not3}   produces 2251:   <a href="#preview"><img id="not2" onclick="eqntext('not2')" 2252: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a\Not{x^2}=bx^{\not3}" 2253: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. 2254: 2255: Finally, similar to the ulem.sty package,   \sout 2256:   draws a horizontal strikeout line through its argument, 2257: e.g.,   \sout{abcdefg}   produces <a href="#preview"> 2258: <img id="not3" onclick="eqntext('not3')" 2259: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\sout{abcdefg}" 2260: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX's \sout also 2261: takes an optional argument that adjusts the vertical position of its 2262: strikeout line by the specified number of pixels, e.g.,   2263: \sout[+2]{abcdefg} produces <a href="#preview"> 2264: <img id="not4" onclick="eqntext('not4')" 2265: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\sout[+2]{abcdefg}" 2266: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and   2267: \sout[-2]{abcdefg} produces 2268: <a href="#preview"><img id="not5" onclick="eqntext('not5')" 2269: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\sout[-2]{abcdefg}" 2270: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2271: 2272: 2273: <h2> <a name="array"> (IIIe) \begin{array}{lcr}...\end{array} Environment 2274:   </a> </h2> 2275: 2276: Rendering vectors and matrices, aligning equations, etc, is all done 2277: using the customary LaTeX environment   2278: \begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array} 2279:   which you can write in exactly that form. MimeTeX also 2280: recognizes the following array-like environments 2281: <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> 2282: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{array}{lcr} </td> 2283: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2284: <td align="left"> \end{array} </td> </tr> 2285: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{matrix} </td> 2286: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2287: <td align="left"> \end{matrix} </td> </tr> 2288: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{pmatrix} </td> 2289: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2290: <td align="left"> \end{pmatrix} </td> </tr> 2291: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{bmatrix} </td> 2292: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2293: <td align="left"> \end{bmatrix} </td> </tr> 2294: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{Bmatrix} </td> 2295: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2296: <td align="left"> \end{Bmatrix} </td> </tr> 2297: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{vmatrix} </td> 2298: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2299: <td align="left"> \end{vmatrix} </td> </tr> 2300: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{Vmatrix} </td> 2301: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2302: <td align="left"> \end{Vmatrix} </td> </tr> 2303: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{eqnarray} </td> 2304: <td align="center"> a&=&b \\ c&=&d \\ etc </td> 2305: <td align="left"> \end{eqnarray} </td> </tr> 2306: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{align} </td> 2307: <td align="center"> a&=b \\ c&=d \\ etc </td> 2308: <td align="left"> \end{align} </td> </tr> 2309: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{gather} </td> 2310: <td align="center"> a \\ b \\ etc </td> 2311: <td align="left"> \end{gather} </td> </tr> 2312: </table> </center> 2313: There's a built-in maximum of 64 columns and 64 rows. Nested 2314: array environments, e.g., 2315: \begin{pmatrix}a&\begin{matrix}1&2\\3&4\end{matrix}\\c&d\end{pmatrix}, 2316: are permitted. 2317: 2318: MimeTeX also provides the abbreviation   2319: \array{lcr$a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}   2320: which has exactly the same effect as   2321: \begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array}. 2322: And the lcr$ "preamble" in \array{lcr$etc} is optional. 2323: In that case,   \array{a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}   2324: has exactly the same effect as   2325: \begin{matrix} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{matrix}. 2326: You can also write $\array{etc}$ to "manually abbreviate" 2327: the pmatrix environment, or \array{rcl$etc} to abbreviate 2328: eqnarray, but mimeTeX has no explicit abbreviations for these 2329: other environments. For example, <center> 2330: \begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix} 2331:   produces   2332: <a href="#preview"><img id="array1" onclick="eqntext('array1')" 2333: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\ 2334: b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}" 2335: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2336: 2337: Solid \hline's (but not \cline's) and vertical l|c|r bars 2338: are available, as usual. For dashed lines and bars, 2339: \begin{array} provides the additional features \hdash 2340: and l.c.r . \hline and \hdash may not be 2341: abbreviated. For example, <center> 2342: \begin{array}{c.c|c} a_1&a_2&a_3 \\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3 2343: \\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3 \end{array}   produces 2344: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array22" onclick="eqntext('array22')" 2345: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{array}{c.c|c} 2346: a_1&a_2&a_3\\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3\\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3\end{array}" 2347: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> 2348: 2349: The default font size is unchanged by \array{ }, but you 2350: can explicitly control it in the usual way, e.g., 2351: {\large\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}} renders the entire array 2352: in font size 3. In addition, any &...& cell may contain font 2353: size declarations which are always local to that cell, 2354: e.g., &\fs{-1}...& renders that one cell one font size smaller 2355: than current. 2356: 2357: The {lcr} in \begin{array}{lcr} sets left,center,right 2358: "horizontal justification" down columns of an array, 2359: as usual. And "vertical justification" across rows defaults 2360: to what we'll call baseline, i.e., aligned equations, 2361: as in <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above, display properly. 2362: But the down arrows (for   2363: <a href="#preview"><img id="array3" onclick="eqntext('array3')" 2364: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\gamma&\Large\downarr}" 2365: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and for   2366: <a href="#preview"><img id="array4" onclick="eqntext('array4')" 2367: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\Large\downarr&\beta}" 2368: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>) 2369: in <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> require 2370: "vertical centering" across the middle row of that 2371: array. So, in addition to lowercase lcr, mimeTeX's {lcr} 2372: in \begin{array}{lcr} may also contain uppercase BC to 2373: set "B"aseline or "C"enter vertical justification across 2374: the corresponding rows. For example, \begin{array}{rccclBCB} 2375: sets baseline justification for the first and third rows, and center 2376: justification for the second row. Without any BC's, 2377: all rows default to the usual B baseline justification. 2378: 2379: MimeTeX has no \arraycolsep or \arraystretch parameters. 2380: Instead, \begin{array}{lc25rB35C} sets the absolute width 2381: of the second column to 25 pixels, and the absolute height of the 2382: first row to 35 pixels, as illustrated by 2383: <a href="#example9">Example 9</a>. Any number following 2384: an lcrBC specification sets the width of that one column 2385: (for lcr), or the height of that one row (for BC). 2386: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2387: You can optionally precede the number with a + sign, 2388: which "propagates" that value forward to all subsequent columns for 2389: lcr, or all subsequent rows for BC. For example, 2390: \begin{array}{lc+25rB+35C} sets the absolute width of 2391: column 2 and all subsequent columns to 25 pixels, 2392: and the absolute height of row 1 and all subsequent rows 2393: to 35 pixels. After absolute sizing has been set, the special 2394: value 0 reverts to automatic sizing for that one row or 2395: column, and +0 reverts to automatic sizing for all subsequent 2396: rows or columns. For example, \begin{array}{c+25ccc+35ccc+0} 2397: sets the absolute widths of columns 1-3 to 25 pixels, 2398: columns 4-6 to 35 pixels, and then reverts to automatic 2399: sizing for columns 7 and all subsequent columns. 2400: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2401: The "propagation" introduced by + is local to the 2402: \begin{array} in which it occurs. So you have to repeat 2403: the same specifications if you want rows aligned across several 2404: arrays on the same line (or columns aligned on several lines 2405: separated by \\). Instead, a lowercase g globally 2406: copies your column specifications to all subsequent arrays, 2407: and an uppercase G globally copies your row specifications. 2408: And gG copies both column and row specifications. For example, 2409: \begin{array}{GC+25} sets the height of all rows in this 2410: array to 25 pixels, and ditto for all subsequent arrays to its right. 2411: Explicit specifications in subsequent arrays override previous global 2412: values. 2413: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2414: Click one of the following examples to see illustrations 2415: of the above discussion: <center> 2416: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array31" onclick="eqntext('array31')" 2417: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2418: \left( \begin{array}{GC+30} 2419: \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2\\ 2420: i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) 2421: \left( \begin{array} 2422: z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) 2423: \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 1}" 2424: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> 2425: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array32" onclick="eqntext('array32')" 2426: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2427: \left( \begin{array}{GC+30gc+40} 2428: \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2 \\ 2429: i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) 2430: \left( \begin{array} 2431: z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) 2432: \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 2}" 2433: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> 2434: 2435: See <a href="#example8">Examples 8-11</a> above for several 2436: additional \begin{array}{lcr} applications. 2437: 2438: 2439: <h2> <a name="picture"> (IIIf) \picture( ){ } "Environment", 2440: including \line( ){ } and \circle( )   </a> </h2> 2441: 2442: Besides \begin{array}{lcr}, mimeTeX also tries to emulate the 2443: familiar LaTeX picture environment with the somewhat similar 2444:           \picture(width[,height])  2445: { (loc1){pic_elem1} (loc2){pic_elem2} ... } 2446: as illustrated by <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above. 2447: Arguments surrounded by [ ]'s are optional. 2448: If the optional [,height] is omitted, then height=width 2449: is assumed. Locations (loc1) and (loc2) ... each 2450: denote either a \put(loc) or a \multiput(loc), 2451: and each location is of the form ([c]x,y[;xinc,yinc[;num]]). 2452: 2453: A \put(loc) is denoted by a location of the form ([c]x,y) 2454: where x,y denotes the coordinate where the lower-left corner 2455: of the subsequent picture_element will be placed, unless the letter 2456: c precedes the x-number, in which case cx,y 2457: denotes the center point instead. The very lower-left corner of the 2458: entire picture is always 0,0, and the upper-right corner is 2459: width-1,height-1. Note, for example, that you'd never want 2460: to specify location c0,0 since the picture_element would be 2461: mostly out-of-bounds (only its upper-right quadrant would be 2462: in-bounds). 2463: 2464: A \multiput(loc) starts like a \put(loc), but location 2465: [c]x,y is followed by ;xinc,yinc[;num] indicating the 2466: x,y-increments applied to each of num repetitions 2467: of picture_element. If ;num is omitted, repetitions continue 2468: until the picture_element goes out-of-bounds of the specified 2469: width[,height]. Note that x,y are always positive or 2470: zero, but xinc,yinc may be postive, zero or negative. 2471: 2472: The \picture(,){...} parameters width, height, x, y, xinc, 2473: yinc may be either integer or may contain a decimal point, 2474: and they're all scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. 2475: The num parameter must be integer. 2476: 2477: Picture_element's {pic_elem1} and {pic_elem2} ... 2478: may be any expressions recognized by mimeTeX, even including other 2479: \picture's nested to any level. 2480: 2481: <h3> <a name="circleline">\line( ){ } and 2482: \circle( )...</a> </h3> 2483: 2484: To help draw useful picture_element's, mimeTeX provides several 2485: drawing commands, \line(xinc,yinc)[{xlen}] and 2486: \circle(xdiam[,ydiam][;arc]). Although primarily intended 2487: for use in \picture's, you can use them in any mimeTeX 2488: expression, e.g.,   abc\circle(20)def   produces   2489: <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline1" onclick="eqntext('circleline1')" 2490: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large abc\circle(20)def" 2491: alt="" border="0" align="middle"></a>. 2492: 2493: Without its optional {xlen} parameter, the expression 2494: (x,y){\line(xinc,yinc)} draws a straight line from point 2495: x,y to point x+xinc,y+yinc. The inc's 2496: can be positive, zero or negative. Don't prefix location x,y 2497: with a leading c for \line's; the intended "corner" 2498: is determined by the signs of xinc and yinc. 2499: If given, the optional {xlen} parameter rescales the length 2500: of the line so its x-projection is xlen and its slope is 2501: unchanged. 2502: 2503: Without optional ,ydiam and ;arc, the expression 2504: (x,y){\circle(xdiam)} draws a circle of diameter xdiam 2505: centered at x,y. Don't prefix location x,y with a 2506: leading c for \circle's; centering is assumed. 2507: If ,ydiam is also given, then (x,y){\circle(xdiam,ydiam)} 2508: draws the ellipse inscribed in a rectangle of width xdiam 2509: and height ydiam centered at x,y. 2510:       Finally, ;arc specifies the arc to be 2511: drawn, in one of two ways. An ;arc argument given in the 2512: form ;1234 interprets each digit as a quadrant to be drawn, 2513: with 1 the upper-right quadrant and then proceeding 2514: counterclockwise, e.g., \circle(12;34) specifies the 2515: lower half of a circle whose diameter is twelve. 2516:       Alternatively, an ;arc argument given in 2517: the form 45,180 or -60,120 specifies the endpoints of 2518: the desired arc in degrees, with 0 the positive x-axis and 2519: then proceeding counterclockwise. The first number must always 2520: be smaller than the second (negative numbers are allowed), and the 2521: arc is drawn counterclockwise starting from the smaller number. 2522: 2523: Besides <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above, 2524: it's hard to resist illustrating 2525:       2526: \unitlength{.6}   \picture(100) { 2527:           2528: (50,50){\circle(99)} %%head%% 2529:           2530: (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} %%eyes%% 2531:           2532: (50,40){\bullet} %%nose%% 2533:           2534: (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} %%upper lip%% 2535:           2536: (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)} %%lower lip%%   } 2537: <center> 2538: <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline2" onclick="eqntext('circleline2')" 2539: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\unitlength{.6}\picture(100){ 2540: (50,50){\circle(99)} (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} (50,40){\bullet} 2541: (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}" 2542: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> Have a nice day!</center> 2543: 2544: 2545: <h2> <a name="commands"> (IIIg) Other mimeTeX Commands   </a> </h2> 2546: 2547: Various and sundry other LaTeX-like commands are also provided 2548: by mimeTeX. In addition to features explicitly discussed below, 2549: mimeTeX supports the usual sub_scripts and super^scripts, 2550: and most of the typical LaTeX commands, many already discussed 2551: above, including 2552: <ul> 2553: <li> \frac{ }{ } and { \over } </li> 2554: <li> { \atop } and { \choose } </li> 2555: <li> \sqrt{ } </li> 2556: <li> \lim_{ } and all the usual LaTeX function names </li> 2557: <li> \hat{ } and \widehat{ } 2558: and many of the usual LaTeX accents </li> 2559: <li> \overbrace{ }^{ } and 2560: \underbrace{ }_{ } </li> 2561: <li> \overline{ } and \underline{ } </li> 2562: </ul> 2563: All these typical commands should behave as they usually do 2564: in LaTeX, and won't be discussed further. Short discussions 2565: of some other commands follow. 2566: 2567: <h3> <a name="stackrel">\stackrel{ }{ } and 2568: \relstack{ }{ }...</a> </h3> 2569: 2570: 2571: \stackrel{ }{ } behaves as usual in LaTeX, 2572: rendering its first argument one font size smaller and centered above 2573: its second. And the amsmath-style \overset{ }{ } is 2574: identical. For example, <center> 2575: "\vec x\stackrel{\rm def}=(x_1\ldots x_n)" 2576:   produces   2577: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel1" onclick="eqntext('stackrel1')" 2578: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2579: \Large\vec x\,\stackrel{\small\rm def}= 2580: \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2581: 2582: "Conversely" to \stackrel{ }{ }, mimeTeX provides 2583: \relstack{ }{ }, which renders its second argument 2584: one font size smaller and centered below its first. 2585: And the amsmath-style \underset{ }{ } renders its 2586: first argument one font size smaller and centered below its second. 2587: For example, the \log function name doesn't treat 2588: limits like \lim_, but you can write, for example, <center> 2589: "\relstack{\log}{\rm base 2}32=5"   to render   2590: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel2" onclick="eqntext('stackrel2')" 2591: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2592: \Large\relstack\log{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5" 2593: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2594: 2595: MimeTeX's \limits provides an easier but non-standard 2596: alternative to achieve the same effect. For example, <center> 2597: "\vec x =\limits^{\rm def} (x_1\ldots x_n)" 2598:   produces   2599: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel3" onclick="eqntext('stackrel3')" 2600: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\vec x\,=\limits^{\small\rm def} 2601: \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2602: and   "\log\limits_{\rm base 2}32=5"   2603: produces   2604: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel4" onclick="eqntext('stackrel4')" 2605: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2606: \Large\log\limits_{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5" 2607: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2608: 2609: <h3> <a name="fbox">\fbox{ }...</a> </h3> 2610: 2611: In case html border attributes aren't suitable, mimeTeX provides 2612: the usual \fbox{expression} command, e.g., <center> 2613: "\fbox{x=\frac12}"   produces   2614: <a href="#preview"><img id="fbox1" onclick="eqntext('fbox1')" 2615: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?4$\fbox{x=\frac12}" 2616: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2617: 2618: You can also write \fbox[width]{expression} 2619: to explicitly set the box's width, or you can write 2620: \fbox[width][height]{expression} 2621: to explicitly set both width and height. 2622: 2623: <h3> <a name="input">\input{ }...</a> </h3> 2624: 2625: 2626: \input{filename} behaves just like the corresponding 2627: LaTeX command, reading the entire contents of filename 2628: into your expression at the point where the \input command 2629: occurs. By default, filename resides in the same 2630: directory as mimetex.cgi. Moreover, for security, absolute paths 2631: with leading /'s or \'s, and paths with ../'s 2632: or ..\'s, are not permitted. See the -DPATHPREFIX 2633: <a href="#options">compile option</a>, discussed above, 2634: if you want \input files in some other directory. 2635: In any case, if filename isn't found, then 2636: \input tries to read filename.tex instead. 2637: 2638: MimeTeX also supports the optional form 2639: \input{filename:tag}. In this case, 2640: filename is read as before, but only those characters 2641: between <tag>...</tag> are placed 2642: into your expression. This permits you to have one file containing 2643: many different <tag>'s, e.g., one file containing 2644: all the questions and/or answers to a homework assignment or a quiz, 2645: etc. 2646: 2647: <h3> <a name="counter">\counter[ ]{ } 2648: ...</a> </h3> 2649: 2650: The bottom-right corner of this page contains a page hit counter 2651: that's maintained using mimeTeX's 2652: \counter[logfile]{counterfile:tag} 2653: command. As with \input, described immediately above, 2654: both the required counterfile and the optional 2655: logfile are the names of files that reside in the 2656: same directory as your mimetex.cgi executable, unless you compiled 2657: mimetex with the -DPATHPREFIX 2658: <a href="#options">compile option</a>. Before using 2659: the \counter command, Unix "touch" and "chmod" those files 2660: so they're mimeTeX readable and writable. 2661: 2662: If counterfile isn't readable and writable, 2663: then the \counter command always displays 2664: 1st. Otherwise, it maintains a 2665: line in counterfile of the form 2666: <tag> value </tag> 2667: where value is initialized as 1_ if the 2668: specified <tag> line doesn't already exist, 2669: and then incremented on each subsequent call. That trailing 2670: underscore on the value in the file, e.g., 99_, tells 2671: mimeTeX to display 99th with an 2672: ordinal suffix. Edit the value in the file and remove the 2673: underscore if you don't want the ordinal suffix displayed. 2674: Finally, mimeTeX makes no effort to lock files or 2675: records (tags), so be careful using \counter 2676: if your hit rates are high enough so that frequent collisions 2677: are likely. 2678: 2679: The same counterfile can contain as many different 2680: <tag> lines as you like, so counters for 2681: all the pages on your site can be maintained in one file. 2682: MimeTeX also maintains a special <timestamp> tag 2683: in counterfile that logs the the date/time and 2684: name of the most recently updated tag. 2685: 2686: Somewhat more detailed log information can be accumulated in 2687: the optional logfile. If you provide that 2688: filename, mimeTeX writes a line to it of the form 2689: 2004-09-20:12:59:33pm <tag>=99 192.168.1.1 http_referer 2690: containing a timestamp, the counter tag and its current value, 2691: and the user's IP address and http_referer page if they're 2692: available. 2693: 2694: The page hit counter displayed at the bottom-right corner 2695: of this page is maintained by the command 2696: \counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}. 2697: After compiling and installing your 2698: own mimetex.cgi and your own copy of this page, that counter will 2699: continually show 1st's 2700: unless/until you "touch" and "chmod" counters.txt (and, optionally, 2701: counters.log) in your mimetex.cgi directory. 2702: 2703: 2704: <h2> <a name="exceptions"> (IIIh) Other Exceptions 2705: to LaTeX Syntax   </a> </h2> 2706: 2707: <h3> Binding Exceptions... </h3> 2708: 2709: MimeTeX's bindings are pretty much left-to-right. For example, 2710: although mimeTeX correctly interprets \frac12 as well as 2711: \frac{1}{2}, etc, the legal LaTeX expression x^\frac12 2712: must be written x^{\frac12}. Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets 2713: it as {x^\frac}12, i.e., the same way x^\alpha12 2714: would be interpreted, which is entirely wrong for \frac. 2715: The same requirement also applies to other combinations of commands, 2716: e.g., you must write \sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}, etc. 2717: 2718: 2719:  2722: <h1> <a name="appendices"> (IV) Appendices   </a> </h1> 2723: 2724: Programming information to help you modify mimeTeX's behavior, 2725: and to use its functionality in your own programs, is provided 2726: by these appendices. The currently available appendices discuss 2727: (a)how to modify or extend mimeTeX's fonts, (b)how to use 2728: mimeTeX's principal function, make_raster(), and (c)how to use 2729: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 2730: gifsave.c library. 2731: 2732: 2733: <h2> <a name="fonts"> (IVa)   mimeTeX Fonts   </a> </h2> 2734: 2735: The font information mimeTeX uses to render characters is 2736: derived from .gf font files (usually generated by metafont 2737: running against .mf files), which are then run through 2738: gftype -i and finally through my gfuntype program 2739: (supplied with your mimeTeX distribution). 2740: 2741: The final output from each such sequence of three runs 2742: (metafont > gftype -i > gfuntype) gives mimeTeX the information 2743: it needs to render one particular font family at one particular 2744: size. The file texfonts.h supplied with your mimeTeX 2745: distribution collects the output from 36 such (sequences of) 2746: runs, representing six font families at six sizes each. 2747: 2748: This collection of information in texfonts.h is 2749: "wired" into mimeTeX through tables maintained in mimetex.h. 2750: To change mimeTeX's fonts, you'll have to first modify (or totally 2751: replace) texfonts.h using your own gfuntype output, and then 2752: change mimetex.h to reflect your texfonts.h modifications. 2753: 2754: This appendix provides a brief description of the above 2755: process, though you'll probably need at least some previous 2756: C programming experience to confidently accomplish it. 2757: Your motivation might be to add more fonts to mimeTeX, 2758: to change the font sizes I chose, or to add more 2759: font sizes, etc. MimeTeX's design permits all this to be 2760: easily done once you understand the process. 2761: 2762: Running metafont to generate a .gf file from .mf 2763: source will usually be your very first step. A typical such run 2764: might be 2765: <center>mf '\mode=onetz; mag=magstep(.5); input cmmi10'</center> 2766: which in this case generates output file 2767: cmmi10.131gf (which is mimeTeX's font size 3 for the 2768: cmmi family). 2769: 2770: Given the cmmi10.131gf file from this metafont run 2771: (or substitute any other .gf file you like), next run 2772: <center>gftype -i cmmi10.131gf > typeout</center> 2773: where typeout can be any temporary 2774: filename you like. 2775: 2776: Finally, run gfuntype against the typeout file 2777: you just generated with the command 2778: <center>gfuntype -n cmmi131 typeout cmmi131.h</center> 2779: to generate the final output file cmmi131.h 2780: (or any filename you supply as the last arg). This 2781: contains the cmmi data in an array whose name is taken 2782: from the -n arg you supplied to gfuntype. 2783: 2784: The above sequence of three runs resulted in output file 2785: cmmi131.h, containing the font information mimeTeX needs 2786: for one font family (cmmi) at one font size (3). Repeat this 2787: sequence of three runs for each font size and each font family. 2788: Then pull all the output files into one big texfonts.h file 2789: (or write a small texfonts.h which just #include's them all). 2790: 2791: For your information, the 36 sequences of runs represented 2792: in the texfonts.h file supplied with your mimeTeX distribution 2793: correspond to the following six inital metafont runs for cmr10 2794: <pre> size=0 (.83gf) mf '\mode=eighthre; input cmr10' 2795: 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=nextscrn; input cmr10' 2796: 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=lview; input cmr10' 2797: 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=onetz; mag=magstep(.5); input cmr10' 2798: 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=itoh; input cmr10' 2799: 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=lqlores; input cmr10'</pre> 2800: 2801: Then ditto for the five other font families cmmi10, cmsy10, cmex10, 2802: rsfs10, bbold10. All the subsequent gftype and gfuntype runs just 2803: follow the usual format described above. 2804: 2805: To incorporate all this font information you just generated into 2806: mimeTeX, edit your mimetex.h file and find the table that looks 2807: something like <pre> static fontfamily aafonttable[] = 2808: { /* ------------------------------------------------------------- 2809: family size=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2810: ------------------------------------------------------------- */ 2811: { CMR10, { cmr83, cmr100, cmr118, cmr131, cmr160, cmr180 } }, 2812: { CMMI10, { cmmi83, cmmi100, cmmi118, cmmi131, cmmi160, cmmi180 } }, 2813: { CMSY10, { cmsy83, cmsy100, cmsy118, cmsy131, cmsy160, cmsy180 } }, 2814: { CMEX10, { cmex83, cmex100, cmex118, cmex131, cmex160, cmex180 } }, 2815: { RSFS10, { rsfs83, rsfs100, rsfs118, rsfs131, rsfs160, rsfs180 } }, 2816: {BBOLD10, {bbold83,bbold100,bbold118,bbold131,bbold160,bbold180 } }, 2817: { -999, { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL } } 2818: } ; /* --- end-of-fonttable[] --- */</pre> 2819: Note the 36 names cmr83...bbold180 in the table. These must 2820: correspond to (or must be changed to) the names following the -n 2821: switch you specified for your gfuntype runs. 2822: 2823: If you want more than six font sizes, first build up texfonts.h 2824: with all the necessary information. Then change LARGESTSIZE (and 2825: probably NORMALSIZE) in mimetex.h, and finally edit the above aafonttable[] 2826: by extending the columns in each row up to your largest size. 2827: 2828: You can also add new rows by #define'ing a new family, 2829: and then adding a whole lot of character definitions at the bottom 2830: of mimetex.h, all in the obvious way (i.e., it should become obvious 2831: after reviewing mimetex.h). A new row would be required, 2832: for example, to make another font available in mimeTeX. 2833: 2834: 2835: <h2> <a name="makeraster"> (IVb) mimeTeX's make_raster() 2836: function   </a> </h2> 2837: 2838: MimeTeX converts an input LaTeX math expression to a corresponding GIF 2839: image in two steps. First, it converts the input LaTeX expression to a 2840: corresponding bitmap raster. Then <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" 2841: target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> gifsave library, discussed 2842: <a href="#gifsave">below</a>, converts that bitmap to the emitted gif. 2843: Though you never explicitly see that bitmap, it's mimeTeX's principal 2844: result. MimeTeX is written so any program can easily use its 2845: expression-to-bitmap conversion capability with just a single line of code. 2846: The following complete program demonstrates the simplest such use. 2847: 2848: <pre> #include <stdio.h> 2849: #include "mimetex.h" 2850: int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) 2851: { 2852: raster *rp = make_raster(argv[1],NORMALSIZE); 2853: type_raster(rp,stdout); /* display ascii image of raster */ 2854: }</pre> 2855: 2856: Cut-and-paste the above sample code from this file to, say, 2857: mimedemo.c (and fix the brackets around stdio.h). Then compile 2858:         cc mimedemo.c mimetex.c -lm -o mimedemo 2859: and run it from your unix shell command line like 2860:         ./mimedemo   "x^2+y^2" 2861: 2862: MimeTeX's expression-to-bitmap conversion is accomplished by the 2863: make_raster() call, whose first argument is just a pointer to a 2864: (null-terminated) string containing any mimeTeX-compliant LaTeX 2865: expression, and whose second argument is the mimeTeX font size 2866: to use (overridden if your expression contains a preamble). 2867: The ascii display of the bitmap raster returned by make_raster() 2868: results from the subsequent call to type_raster(). That's all 2869: this program does, but you could use make_raster()'s returned bitmap 2870: for any other purpose you have in mind. 2871: 2872: MimeTeX's primary purpose is to emit either xbitmaps or gif images 2873: rather than ascii displays. And mimeTeX has anti-aliasing and various 2874: other options that further complicate its main() function compared to 2875: the simple example above. The example below demonstrates mimeTeX 2876: usage in the slightly more realistic situation where an input expression 2877: is converted to a gif, without anti-aliasing, and emitted on stdout. 2878: 2879: <pre> #include <stdio.h> 2880: #include <stdlib.h> 2881: #include "mimetex.h" 2882: 2883: /* --- global needed by callback function, below, for gifsave.c --- */ 2884: static raster *rp = NULL; /* 0/1 bitmap raster image */ 2885: 2886: /* --- callback function to return pixel value at col x, row y --- */ 2887: int GetPixel ( int x, int y ) /* pixel value will be 0 or 1 */ 2888: { return (int)getpixel(rp,y,x); } /* just use getpixel() macro */ 2889: 2890: /* --- main() entry point --- */ 2891: int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) 2892: { 2893: /* --- get LaTeX expression from either browser query or command-line --- */ 2894: char *query = getenv("QUERY_STRING"), /* check for query string */ 2895: *expression = (query!=NULL? query : /* input either from query */ 2896: (argc>1? argv[1] : "f(x)=x^2")); /* or from command line */ 2897: /* ---- mimeTeX converts expression to bitmap raster ---- */ 2898: rp = make_raster(expression,NORMALSIZE); /* mimeTeX rasterizes expression */ 2899: /* ---- convert returned bitmap raster to gif, and emit it on stdout ---- */ 2900: if ( query != NULL ) /* Content-type line for browser */ 2901: fprintf( stdout, "Content-type: image/gif\n\n" ); 2902: /* --- initialize gifsave library and colors, and set transparent bg --- */ 2903: GIF_Create(NULL, rp->width, rp->height, 2, 8); /* init for black/white */ 2904: GIF_SetColor(0, 255, 255, 255); /* always set background white */ 2905: GIF_SetColor(1, 0, 0, 0); /* and foreground black */ 2906: GIF_SetTransparent(0); /* and set transparent background */ 2907: /* --- finally, emit compressed gif image (to stdout) --- */ 2908: GIF_CompressImage(0, 0, -1, -1, GetPixel); 2909: GIF_Close(); 2910: }</pre> 2911: 2912: Cut-and-paste as before, compile like 2913:         cc mimedemo.c mimetex.c gifsave.c 2914: -lm -o mimedemo 2915: and run it like the first example, but this time you may want to redirect 2916: stdout 2917:         ./mimedemo   "x^2+y^2" 2918:   >   mimedemo.gif 2919: since output is now a gif image consisting of mostly unprintable bytes. 2920: Input is typically from the command line as illustrated, but this example 2921: checks for a browser query string too. That means you could actually 2922: replace mimetex.cgi with this executable, though anti-aliasing wouldn't 2923: be available. 2924: 2925: Of course, this example's intent isn't to replace the mimetex.cgi 2926: executable, but rather to illustrate GIFSAVE library usage, documented 2927: in detail below. And this example also illustrates usage of several 2928: mimeTeX raster structure elements, like rp->width and rp->height. 2929: So you'll probably also want to refer to mimetex.h, which contains those 2930: raster structures and other relevant definitions. For instance, the 2931: example's GetPixel() callback function illustrates usage of the getpixel() 2932: macro in mimetex.h, to retrieve individual pixels by their x,y-coordinates. 2933: And there's a similar setpixel() macro in mimetex.h to store pixels. 2934: After completing all this reading, you'll be prepared to begin using 2935: mimeTeX functions in your own code. 2936: 2937: 2938: 2939: <h2> <a name="gifsave"> 2940: (IVc)</a> <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 2941: gifsave.c library   </h2> 2942: 2943: The information below is taken from the README file accompanying 2944: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 2945: distribution of GIFSAVE. I've made a few small editorial modifications, 2946: including descriptions of the several minor changes necessary 2947: to support mimeTeX. And the mimeTeX example program immediately above 2948: uses GIFSAVE in a very straightforward way that should help clarify 2949: any questions which may remain after reading the documentation below. 2950: 2951: <pre> 2952: INTRODUCTION 2953: ============ 2954: 2955: The GIFSAVE functions make it possible to save GIF images from 2956: your own C programs. 2957: 2958: GIFSAVE creates simple GIF files following the GIF87a standard. 2959: Interlaced images cannot be created. There should only be 2960: one image per file. 2961: 2962: GIFSAVE consists of five functions, all returning type int, 2963: and no separate header file is required. 2964: 2965: The functions should be called in the order listed below 2966: for each GIF-file. One file must be closed before a new one 2967: can be created. 2968: 2969: GIF_Create() creates new GIF-files. It takes parameters 2970: specifying filename, screen size, number of colors, 2971: and color resolution. 2972: 2973: GIF_SetColor() sets up red, green, blue color components. 2974: It should be called once for each possible color. 2975: 2976: GIF_SetTransparent() is optional. If called, it sets the 2977: color number of the color that should be transparent, 2978: i.e., the background color shows through this one. 2979: 2980: GIF_CompressImage() performs the compression of the image. 2981: It accepts parameters describing the position and size 2982: of the image on screen, and a user defined callback 2983: function that is supposed to fetch the pixel values. 2984: 2985: GIF_Close() terminates and closes the file. 2986: 2987: To use these functions, you must also write a callback 2988: function that returns the pixel values for each point 2989: in the image. 2990: 2991: 2992: THE FUNCTIONS 2993: ============= 2994: 2995: GIF_Create() 2996: ------------ 2997: Function Creates a new GIF-file, and stores info on 2998: the screen. 2999: 3000: Syntax int GIF_Create( 3001: char *filename, 3002: int width, int height, 3003: int numcolors, int colorres 3004: ); 3005: 3006: Remarks Creates a new (or overwrites an existing) 3007: GIF-file with the given filename. No 3008: .GIF-extension is added. 3009: 3010: If filename is passed as a NULL pointer, 3011: output is directed to stdout. 3012: 3013: The width- and height- parameters specify 3014: the size of the image in pixels. 3015: 3016: numcolors is the number of colors used in 3017: the image. 3018: 3019: colorres is number of bits used to encode a 3020: primary color (red, green or blue). 3021: In GIF-files, colors are built by combining 3022: given amounts of each primary color. 3023: On VGA-cards, each color is built by 3024: combining red, green and blue values in 3025: the range [0, 63]. Encoding the number 63 3026: would require 6 bits, so colorres would be 3027: set to 6. 3028: 3029: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3030: GIF_ERRCREATE - Error creating file 3031: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3032: GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory 3033: 3034: 3035: GIF_SetColor() 3036: -------------- 3037: Function Specifies the primary color component of a 3038: color used in the image. 3039: 3040: Syntax void GIF_SetColor( 3041: int colornum, 3042: int red, int green, int blue 3043: ); 3044: 3045: Remarks This function updates the colortable-values 3046: for color number colornum in the image. 3047: 3048: Should be called for each color in the range 3049: [0, numcolors] 3050: 3051: with red, green and blue components in the 3052: range [0, (2^colorres)-1] 3053: 3054: colorres and colornum are values previousely 3055: given to the function GIF_Create(). 3056: 3057: Return value None 3058: 3059: 3060: GIF_SetTransparent() 3061: -------------------- 3062: Function Specifies the color number of the color 3063: that should be considered transparent. 3064: 3065: Syntax void GIF_SetTransparent( 3066: int colornum 3067: ); 3068: 3069: Remarks Need not be called at all. But if called, 3070: should be called only once with colornum in 3071: the range [0, numcolors] i.e., colornum 3072: must be one of the values previously 3073: given to GIF_SetColor(). 3074: 3075: Return value None 3076: 3077: 3078: GIF_CompressImage() 3079: ------------------- 3080: Function Compresses an image and stores it in the 3081: current file. 3082: 3083: Syntax int GIF_CompressImage( 3084: int left, int top, 3085: int width, int height, 3086: int (*getpixel)(int x, int y) 3087: ); 3088: 3089: Remarks The left- and top- parameters indicate the 3090: image offset from the upper left corner of 3091: the screen. They also give the start values 3092: for calls to the userdefined callback 3093: function. 3094: 3095: width and height give the size of the image. 3096: A value of -1 indicates the equivalent screen 3097: size given in the call to GIF_Create(). 3098: 3099: If the image is supposed to cover the entire 3100: screen, values 0, 0, -1, -1 should be given. 3101: 3102: GIF_CompressImage() obtains the pixel values 3103: by calling a user specified function. This 3104: function is passed in the parameter getpixel. 3105: See "callback()" further down for a 3106: description of this function. 3107: 3108: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3109: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3110: GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory 3111: 3112: 3113: GIF_Close() 3114: ----------- 3115: Function Closes the GIF-file. 3116: 3117: Syntax int GIF_Close(void); 3118: 3119: Remarks This function writes a terminating descriptor 3120: to the file, and then closes it. Also frees 3121: memory used by the other functions of GIFSAVE. 3122: 3123: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3124: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3125: 3126: 3127: THE CALLBACK FUNCTION 3128: ===================== 3129: 3130: callback() 3131: ---------- 3132: Function Obtains pixel-values for the 3133: GIF_CompressImage() -function. 3134: 3135: Syntax int callback(int x, int y); 3136: 3137: Remarks This function must be written by the 3138: programmer. It should accept two integer 3139: parameters specifying a point in the image, 3140: and return the pixel value at this point. 3141: 3142: The ranges for these parameters are as 3143: follows 3144: x : [img_left, img_left + img_width - 1] 3145: y : [img_top, img_top + img_height - 1] 3146: 3147: where img_left, img_top, img_width and 3148: img_height are the values left, top, width 3149: and height passed to GIF_CompressImage(). 3150: 3151: An example; if the screen has width 640 and 3152: height 350, and the image covers the entire 3153: screen, x will be in the range [0, 639] 3154: and y in the range [0, 349]. 3155: 3156: callback() need not get its values from the 3157: screen. The values can be fetched from a 3158: memory array, they can be calculated for 3159: each point requested, etc. 3160: 3161: The function is passed as a parameter to 3162: GIF_CompressImage(), and can thus have any 3163: name, not only callback(). 3164: 3165: Return value Pixel value at the point requested. Should 3166: be in the range [0, numcolors-1] where 3167: numcolors is as specified to GIF_Create(). 3168: </pre> 3169: 3170: 3171: 3172:  3175: <h1 id="remarks"> Concluding Remarks   </h1> 3176: 3177: I hope you find mimeTeX useful. If so, a contribution to your 3178: country's <a href="http://www.tug.org" target="_top">TeX Users Group</a>, 3179: or to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> project, is 3180: suggested, especially if you're a company that's currently profitable. 3181: 3182:  3190: 3191:  3194: <hr size=4> 3195: <table> <tr> 3196: <td> 3197: Copyright © 2002-2005, 3198: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> 3199: 3200: email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> 3201: </td> 3202: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{100}" alt="" border=0> </td> 3203: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue{\small\rm You're the } 3204: \Large\counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}\\[0] 3205: {\small\rm visitor to this page." alt="" border=0 align=bottom> </td> 3206: </tr> </table> 3207: </body> 3208: </html> 3209: